Research progress of correlation imaging under outdoor environment

Chang Chen; Sun Shuai; Du Long-Kun; Nie Zhen-Wu; He Lin-Gui; Zhang Yi; Chen Peng; Bao Ke; Liu Wei-Tao

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20231245

Abstract

Image, as a method of information acquisition, is indispensable for human beings, and it plays an irreplaceable role in military and civilian fields, such as detection and scouting, precision guidance, transportation, and industrial production. In the outdoor environment, the resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and working distance of optical imaging are limited as result of the influence of background light, stray light, and atmospheric medium. In recent years, with the development of muti-discipline such as optics, physics, information theory, and computer science, the new optical imaging technologies continue to emerge, thus bringing new opportunities for outdoor optical imaging towards long-distance, large field of view and high information flux. As one of the new active imaging technologies, correlation imaging has the potential applications of robustness against turbulence and noise, and the possibility of beating the Rayleigh limit. It can deal with the problems better, such as sharp attenuation of optical power caused by long distances, detection of interference signals from environmental noise, and influence of turbulence. Based on the principle of optical imaging, this paper analyzes the factors affecting optical imaging, in terms of resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, spatial bandwidth product, and imaging distance under outdoor environment, focusing on the research progress of outdoor correlation imaging including imaging systems, signal-to-noise screening technology and imaging algorithm. In addition, we analyze the requirements of optical imaging for longer distances and broader field of view, and consider the fundamental problems and the key technologies.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
2.
Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
3.
Hunan Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Technology of Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China

Corresponding author: Liu Wei-Tao, wtliu@nudt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62275270, 62105365).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 光学成像构型示意图

Figure 1. Schematic of optical imaging configuration.

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图 2 艾里斑、瑞利衍射以及阿贝衍射极限^[19]

Figure 2. Limit of Airy disk, Rayleigh diffraction and Abbe diffraction^[19].

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图 3 (a)理想图像; (b)涨落关联重构图像; (c)差分关联重构图像

Figure 3. (a) Ideal image; (b) reconstructed image by fluctuation correlation; (c) reconstructed image by differential ghost imaging.

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图 4 HBT实验基础原理图^[23]

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of HBT^[23].

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图 5 赝热光关联成像系统示意图

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of ghost imaging based on pseudo-thermal light.

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图 6 湍流干扰条件下直接成像与关联成像图像质量对比^[53]　(a)直接成像图像; (b)关联成像图像

Figure 6. Comparison of image quality between two imaging method^[53]: (a) Traditional non-correlated imaging; (b) ghost imaging.

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图 7 不同天气条件下直接成像与关联成像图像对比, 其中(a)—(e)分别代表晴朗、多云、小雨、中雾、夜晚天气对应; (1)—(4)分别对应实地场景、传统成像、关联成像、基于总变分约束的关联成像^[54]

Figure 7. Comparison of images between two imaging method in different weather: (a) Clear; (b) cloudy; (c) light rain; (d) moderately foggy; (e) night. Where (1) scenes of field experimental, (2) traditional imaging, (3) ghost imaging, (4) ghost imaging by TV (total variation)^[54]

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图 8 双缝直接成像与关联成像结果, 从(a)到(f)对应散射强度逐渐增加, β= 100%, 33.26%, 12.14%, 6.44%, 3.16%, 1.28%, $ \beta $表示散射介质的透过率, 每一对图像的左图为关联成像结果, 右图为传统直接成像结果^[58]

Figure 8. Imaging results of a double slit achieved with both methods. From set (a) to (f), the strength of scattering is increasing, β = 100%, 33.26%, 12.14%, 6.44%, 3.16%, 1.28%, where $ \beta $ shows the transmission ratio of the scattering media as a measure of strength of scattering. For each set, the left one is the result of ghost imaging and the right one is that of traditional non-correlated imaging^[58].

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图 9 字母“A”在不同强度大气湍流下的图像　(a)—(c)湍流系数分别为2.0, 3.2, 6.8时常规关联成像图像; (d)—(f)湍流系数为2.0, 3.2, 6.8时自适应关联成像图像^[61]

Figure 9. Obtained images of letter “A” under different strength atmospheric turbulence: (a)–(c) Images of convention ghost imaging at turbulence coefficient of 2.0, 3.2 and 6.8, respectively; (d)–(f) images of adaptive optical ghost imaging at turbulence coefficient 2.0, 3.2 and 6.8, respectively^[61].

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图 10 不同算法所得重构图像对比^[68]

Figure 10. Images reconstructed by different algorithms^[68].

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图 11 强度关联算法与伪逆鬼成像重构结果图^[69,70]

Figure 11. Images reconstructed by GI and PGI^[69,70].

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图 12 基于互相关的运动目标成像结果^[37]

Figure 12. Results of CBGI with moving object^[37].

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图 13 基于低阶矩的运动目标成像结果^[39]

Figure 13. Results of GI based on low-order moments with moving object^[39].

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图 14 四象限跟踪成像方法实验结果^[41]　(a) 成像结果; (b)目标追踪结果; (c)成像质量随时间变化曲线

Figure 14. Experimental results of GI based on four-quadrant detector^[41]: (a) Results of imaging; (b) trajectory of the moving object; (c) quality of reconstructed images over time.

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图 15 实时追踪方法实验结果^[40]　(a)实验架构示意图; (b)相机追踪轨迹(红)与算法计算所得轨迹(蓝)

Figure 15. Experimental results of the real-time online tracking of a moving object^[40]: (a) Experimental framework diagram; (b) camera tracking track (red) and algorithm calculated track (blue).

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map

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Vol. 72, Issue 18 - 2023-09-20

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