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ELF/VLF waves are generated via amplitude-modulated heating of the lower ionosphere. Based on the modulated heating theory, the directional radiation models of dual beam amplitude modulation (DAM) and circle geometric modulation (CGM) are established by introducing the phased array ideas, which are validated by comparison with the experimental data. According to the models, differences between the above two directional radiation models and the normal amplitude modulation (AM) are analyzed with parameters of HARRP phased-array HF facility, and the influences of the modulation frequency (fELF/VLF) and elevation of the heating waves on mode are investigated as well. Compared with the AM mode, DAM and CGM can realize the directional radiation, and enhance the radiant intensity by properly setting the initial phase, the modulation frequency (fELF/VLF) and angle of inclination of the heat wave to the vertical direction. The ELF/VLF radiant intensity may be increased by 11.3 dB when replacing AM with CGM.
[1] Meltz G, Perkins F W 1974 Radio Sci. 9 885
[2] Isham B, Birkmayer W, Hagfors T 1987 J. Geophys. Res. 92 4629
[3] Deng F, Zhao Z Y, Shi R, Zhang Y N 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 7382 (in Chinese) [邓峰, 赵正予, 石润, 张援农 2009 58 7382]
[4] Hu Y G, Zhao Z Y, Xiang W, Zhang Y N 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 099402 (in Chinese) [胡耀垓, 赵正予, 项薇, 张援农 2011 60 099402]
[5] Getmantsev G G, Zuikov N A, Kotik D S, Mironenko L F, Mityakov N A, Rapoport V O, Sazonov Y A, Trakhtengerts V Y, Eidman V Y 1974 JETP Lett. 20 101
[6] Willis S W, Davis J R 1973 Geophys. Res. 78 5710
[7] Li Q L, Yang J T, Yan Y B, Zhao Y J 2008 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 23 883 (in Chinese) [李清亮, 杨巨涛, 闫玉波, 赵耀军 2008 电波科学学报 23 883]
[8] Wang F, Zhao Z Y, Chang S S, Ni B B, Gu X D 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 199401 (in Chinese) [汪枫, 赵正予, 常珊珊, 倪彬彬, 顾旭东 2012 61 199401]
[9] Gu X D, Zhao Z Y, Ni B B, Wang X, Deng F 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6673 (in Chinese) [顾旭东, 赵正予, 倪彬彬, 王翔, 邓峰 2008 57 6673]
[10] Stubbe P, Kopka H, Rietveld M T, Dowden R L 1982 J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 44 1123
[11] Ferraro A J, Lee H S, Allshouse R, Carrol K, Lunnen R, Collins T 1984 J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 46 855
[12] Barr R, Stubbe P 1991 Res. Lett. 18 1035
[13] Papadopoulos K, Chang C L, Vitello P, Drobot A 1990 Radio Sci. 25 1311
[14] Villasenor J, Wong A Y, Song B, Pau J, McCarrick M 1996 Radio Sci. 31 211
[15] Milikh G M, Papadopoulos K 2007 Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 l20804
[16] Hao S J, Li Q L, Yang J T, Wu Z S 2013 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 28 231 (in Chinese) [郝书吉, 李清亮, 杨巨涛, 吴振森 2013 电波科学学报 28 231]
[17] Zhang X Q, Wang J H, Li Z R 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 608
[18] Cohen M B, Inan U S, Golkowski M A 2008 J. Geophys. Res. 35 L12101
[19] Cohen M B 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Stanford: Stanford University)
[20] Barr R, Rietveld M T, Stubbe P, Kopka H 1987 Radio Sci. 22 1076
[21] Hansen J D, Morales G J 1992 J. Geophys. Res. 97 17019
[22] Pashin A B, Belova E G, Lyatsky, W B 1995 Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 57 245
[23] Li K, Pan W Y 2003 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 13 265 (in Chinese) [李凯, 潘威炎 2003 电波科学学报 13 265]
[24] Moore R C, Inan U S, Bell T F, Kennedy E J 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 A05309
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[1] Meltz G, Perkins F W 1974 Radio Sci. 9 885
[2] Isham B, Birkmayer W, Hagfors T 1987 J. Geophys. Res. 92 4629
[3] Deng F, Zhao Z Y, Shi R, Zhang Y N 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 7382 (in Chinese) [邓峰, 赵正予, 石润, 张援农 2009 58 7382]
[4] Hu Y G, Zhao Z Y, Xiang W, Zhang Y N 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 099402 (in Chinese) [胡耀垓, 赵正予, 项薇, 张援农 2011 60 099402]
[5] Getmantsev G G, Zuikov N A, Kotik D S, Mironenko L F, Mityakov N A, Rapoport V O, Sazonov Y A, Trakhtengerts V Y, Eidman V Y 1974 JETP Lett. 20 101
[6] Willis S W, Davis J R 1973 Geophys. Res. 78 5710
[7] Li Q L, Yang J T, Yan Y B, Zhao Y J 2008 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 23 883 (in Chinese) [李清亮, 杨巨涛, 闫玉波, 赵耀军 2008 电波科学学报 23 883]
[8] Wang F, Zhao Z Y, Chang S S, Ni B B, Gu X D 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 199401 (in Chinese) [汪枫, 赵正予, 常珊珊, 倪彬彬, 顾旭东 2012 61 199401]
[9] Gu X D, Zhao Z Y, Ni B B, Wang X, Deng F 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 6673 (in Chinese) [顾旭东, 赵正予, 倪彬彬, 王翔, 邓峰 2008 57 6673]
[10] Stubbe P, Kopka H, Rietveld M T, Dowden R L 1982 J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 44 1123
[11] Ferraro A J, Lee H S, Allshouse R, Carrol K, Lunnen R, Collins T 1984 J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 46 855
[12] Barr R, Stubbe P 1991 Res. Lett. 18 1035
[13] Papadopoulos K, Chang C L, Vitello P, Drobot A 1990 Radio Sci. 25 1311
[14] Villasenor J, Wong A Y, Song B, Pau J, McCarrick M 1996 Radio Sci. 31 211
[15] Milikh G M, Papadopoulos K 2007 Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 l20804
[16] Hao S J, Li Q L, Yang J T, Wu Z S 2013 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 28 231 (in Chinese) [郝书吉, 李清亮, 杨巨涛, 吴振森 2013 电波科学学报 28 231]
[17] Zhang X Q, Wang J H, Li Z R 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 608
[18] Cohen M B, Inan U S, Golkowski M A 2008 J. Geophys. Res. 35 L12101
[19] Cohen M B 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Stanford: Stanford University)
[20] Barr R, Rietveld M T, Stubbe P, Kopka H 1987 Radio Sci. 22 1076
[21] Hansen J D, Morales G J 1992 J. Geophys. Res. 97 17019
[22] Pashin A B, Belova E G, Lyatsky, W B 1995 Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 57 245
[23] Li K, Pan W Y 2003 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 13 265 (in Chinese) [李凯, 潘威炎 2003 电波科学学报 13 265]
[24] Moore R C, Inan U S, Bell T F, Kennedy E J 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 A05309
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