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The three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of a projectile in granular media is simulated using DEM (discrete element method). Periodic boundary conditions are adopted, and the effects of gravity, contact forces, damping and friction are taken into account. The 3D simulation results fit the experiment results very well. Simulation results show that the heaver the projectile, the deeper the penetration depth. The impact depth grows linearly when the projectile quality increases. And when the density of granular media decreases, the penetration depth also increases. Splash of granular particles is also observed in the impact simulation.
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Keywords:
- granular media /
- dynamics /
- simulation /
- discrete element method
[1] Ciamarra M P, Lara A H, Lee A T 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 194301
[2] Lohse D, Bergmann R, Mikkelsen R 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 198003
[3] Lohse D, Rauhe R, Bergmann R 2004 Nature 432 689
[4] Khaldoun A, Eiser E, Wegdam G, Bonn D 2005 Nature 437 635
[5] Zhang Q Y, Wu Y Y, Peng Z, Liu R, Lu K Q, Hou M Y 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 6203 (in Chinese) [张权义, 吴耀宇, 彭政, 刘锐, 陆坤权, 厚美瑛 2006 55 6203]
[6] Hou M, Peng Z, Liu R, Lu K 2005 Phys. Rev. E 72 062301
[7] Cundall P, Sracak O 1979 Geotechnique 29 47
[8] Xu Y, Sun Q C, Zhang L 2003 Advances in Mechanics 33 251 (in Chinese) [徐泳, 孙其诚, 张凌 2003 力学进展 33 251]
[9] Li Y Y, Xia W, Zhou Z Y, He K J, Zhong W Z, Wu Y B 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 024601
[10] Liu K X, Gao L T 2004 Acta Mech. Solida Sin. 25 181 (in Chinese) [刘凯欣, 高凌天 2004 固体力学学报 25 181]
[11] Cheng M, Liu W P, Liu K X 2009 Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics 26 591 (in Chinese) [成名, 刘维甫, 刘凯欣 2009 26 591]
[12] He K J 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Guangzhou: South China University of Technology) (in Chinese) [何克晶 2007 博士学位论文 (广州: 华南理工大学)]
[13] Zhong W Z, He K J, Zhou Z Y, Xia W, Li Y Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 S21 (in Chinese) [钟文镇, 何克晶, 周照耀, 夏伟, 李元元 2009 58 S21]
[14] Zhong W Z, He K J, Zhou Z Y, Xia W, Li Y Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 5155 (in Chinese) [钟文镇, 何克晶, 周照耀, 夏伟, 李元元 2009 58 5155]
[15] Walton O R, Braun R L 1986 Journal of Rheology 30 949
[16] He K J, Dong S B, Zhou Z Y 2007 Phys. Rev. E 75 036710
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[1] Ciamarra M P, Lara A H, Lee A T 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 194301
[2] Lohse D, Bergmann R, Mikkelsen R 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 198003
[3] Lohse D, Rauhe R, Bergmann R 2004 Nature 432 689
[4] Khaldoun A, Eiser E, Wegdam G, Bonn D 2005 Nature 437 635
[5] Zhang Q Y, Wu Y Y, Peng Z, Liu R, Lu K Q, Hou M Y 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 6203 (in Chinese) [张权义, 吴耀宇, 彭政, 刘锐, 陆坤权, 厚美瑛 2006 55 6203]
[6] Hou M, Peng Z, Liu R, Lu K 2005 Phys. Rev. E 72 062301
[7] Cundall P, Sracak O 1979 Geotechnique 29 47
[8] Xu Y, Sun Q C, Zhang L 2003 Advances in Mechanics 33 251 (in Chinese) [徐泳, 孙其诚, 张凌 2003 力学进展 33 251]
[9] Li Y Y, Xia W, Zhou Z Y, He K J, Zhong W Z, Wu Y B 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 024601
[10] Liu K X, Gao L T 2004 Acta Mech. Solida Sin. 25 181 (in Chinese) [刘凯欣, 高凌天 2004 固体力学学报 25 181]
[11] Cheng M, Liu W P, Liu K X 2009 Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics 26 591 (in Chinese) [成名, 刘维甫, 刘凯欣 2009 26 591]
[12] He K J 2007 Ph. D. Dissertation (Guangzhou: South China University of Technology) (in Chinese) [何克晶 2007 博士学位论文 (广州: 华南理工大学)]
[13] Zhong W Z, He K J, Zhou Z Y, Xia W, Li Y Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 S21 (in Chinese) [钟文镇, 何克晶, 周照耀, 夏伟, 李元元 2009 58 S21]
[14] Zhong W Z, He K J, Zhou Z Y, Xia W, Li Y Y 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 5155 (in Chinese) [钟文镇, 何克晶, 周照耀, 夏伟, 李元元 2009 58 5155]
[15] Walton O R, Braun R L 1986 Journal of Rheology 30 949
[16] He K J, Dong S B, Zhou Z Y 2007 Phys. Rev. E 75 036710
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