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When the granular matter is being pushed a certain point can be found, before arriving at which the force increases linearly, and after that it increases exponentially. The granular matter is a large assemblage of solid grains, which are fundamentally different from any other type of matters, such as solid blue and liquids; they have different physical properties. The meso-scale of force chain bridges single particles and granular matter, and leads to unique properties and behaviours of granular matters, thus acts as the key issue in the study of granular matter. In this work, we first find the variation of different forces by simulation. We then propose a discrete element model based on rigorous Hertzian contact law and Mindlin-Deresiewicz contact theory for normal and tangential contact forces, respectively, and then point out that the change of force chain is the key to the granular dynamics. The force distribution and the force chain length distribution are calculated and analyzed to show the change rule and the origin of the drag force.
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Keywords:
- granular matter /
- force chain /
- discrete element method
[1] Huang D, Sun G, Lu K 2011 Phys. Lett. A 375 3375
[2] Utter B, Behringer R P 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 031308
[3] Fenistein D, van de Meent J W, van Hecke M 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 094301
[4] Murdoch N, Rozitis B, Nordstrom K, Green S F, Michel P, de Lophem T L, Losert W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 018307
[5] Moosavi R, Shaebani M R, Maleki M, Török J, Wolf D E, Losert W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 148301
[6] Vidyapati V, Subramaniam S 2012 Chem. Eng. Sci. 72 20
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[8] Zhong J, Peng Z, Wu Y Y, Shi Q P, Lu K Q, Hou M Y 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 6691 (in Chinese) [钟杰, 彭政, 吴耀宇, 史庆藩, 陆坤权, 厚美瑛2006 55 6691]
[9] Zheng H P, Jiang Y M, Peng Z 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 040511
[10] Sajjad H S, Li Y C, Cui F F, Zhang Q, Hou M Y 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 014501
[11] Socolar J E S, Schaeffer D G, Claudin P 2002 Eur. Phys. J. E 7 353
[12] Sun Q C, Wang G Q 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 4667 (in Chinese) [孙其诚, 王光谦2008 57 4667]
[13] Bi Z W, Sun Q C, Liu J G, Jin F, Zhang C H 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 034502 (in Chinese) [毕忠伟, 孙其诚, 刘建国, 金峰, 张楚汉2011 60 034502]
[14] Li Y, Xu Y, Thornton C 2005 Powder Technol. 160 219
[15] Stone M B, Barry R, Bernstein D P, Pelc M D, Tsui Y K, Schiffer P 2004 Phys. Rev. E 70 041301
[16] Albert I, Sample J G, Morss A J, Rajagopalan S, Barabási A L, Schiffer P 2001 Phys. Rev. E 64 061303
[17] Tanaka K, Nishida M, Kunimochi T, Takagi T 2002 Powder Technol. 124 160
[18] Luding S 2008 Particuology 6 501
[19] Salot C, Gotteland P, Villard P 2009 Granular matter 11 221
[20] Liu J X 2004 Physics 33 631 (in Chinese) [刘寄星2004 物理33 631]
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[1] Huang D, Sun G, Lu K 2011 Phys. Lett. A 375 3375
[2] Utter B, Behringer R P 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 031308
[3] Fenistein D, van de Meent J W, van Hecke M 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 094301
[4] Murdoch N, Rozitis B, Nordstrom K, Green S F, Michel P, de Lophem T L, Losert W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 018307
[5] Moosavi R, Shaebani M R, Maleki M, Török J, Wolf D E, Losert W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 148301
[6] Vidyapati V, Subramaniam S 2012 Chem. Eng. Sci. 72 20
[7] Fardin M A, Ober T J, Gay C, Grégoire G, McKinley G H, Lerouge S 2012 Soft Matt. 8 910
[8] Zhong J, Peng Z, Wu Y Y, Shi Q P, Lu K Q, Hou M Y 2006 Acta Phys. Sin. 55 6691 (in Chinese) [钟杰, 彭政, 吴耀宇, 史庆藩, 陆坤权, 厚美瑛2006 55 6691]
[9] Zheng H P, Jiang Y M, Peng Z 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 040511
[10] Sajjad H S, Li Y C, Cui F F, Zhang Q, Hou M Y 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 014501
[11] Socolar J E S, Schaeffer D G, Claudin P 2002 Eur. Phys. J. E 7 353
[12] Sun Q C, Wang G Q 2008 Acta Phys. Sin. 57 4667 (in Chinese) [孙其诚, 王光谦2008 57 4667]
[13] Bi Z W, Sun Q C, Liu J G, Jin F, Zhang C H 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 034502 (in Chinese) [毕忠伟, 孙其诚, 刘建国, 金峰, 张楚汉2011 60 034502]
[14] Li Y, Xu Y, Thornton C 2005 Powder Technol. 160 219
[15] Stone M B, Barry R, Bernstein D P, Pelc M D, Tsui Y K, Schiffer P 2004 Phys. Rev. E 70 041301
[16] Albert I, Sample J G, Morss A J, Rajagopalan S, Barabási A L, Schiffer P 2001 Phys. Rev. E 64 061303
[17] Tanaka K, Nishida M, Kunimochi T, Takagi T 2002 Powder Technol. 124 160
[18] Luding S 2008 Particuology 6 501
[19] Salot C, Gotteland P, Villard P 2009 Granular matter 11 221
[20] Liu J X 2004 Physics 33 631 (in Chinese) [刘寄星2004 物理33 631]
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