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基于声黑洞结构独特的声波捕获与能量聚集效应, 提出了一种新型声黑洞楔形结构振动模式转换超声换能器. 该换能器由一个纵向夹心式换能器和一个声黑洞楔形结构辐射板组成. 基于铁木辛柯梁理论, 利用传输矩阵法建立了辐射板弯曲振动的理论模型, 计算得到的振动频率与有限元仿真频率吻合较好. 对换能器的电阻抗频率响应特性、振动模态以及空气中近场辐射声压分布进行了仿真模拟, 结果显示, 声黑洞楔形结构辐射板的振幅逐级增大, 近场辐射声压呈现出梯度分布的特点. 加工了换能器样机, 并对其进行实验测试, 测试结果验证了设计方法的可行性. 最后进行了超声悬浮实验, 结果表明声黑洞设计可以赋能于超声悬浮技术, 构造出声压梯度分布的声场, 实现粒子筛选.Acoustic black hole (ABH) structure has been extensively used in vibration mitigation, noise reduction, energy harvesting and so on, owing to its unique sound wave trapping and energy concentration effects. Besides, ABH structure holds emerging potential in improving the performance of ultrasonic device and constructing multifunctional acoustic field. Hence, an ultrasonic mode-conversion transducer consisting of a longitudinal sandwich transducer and an ABH wedge radiant plate is proposed in this work, in order to explore the potential applications of ABH in ultrasonic levitation and multifunctional particle manipulation. The theoretical model of flexural vibration of the radiant plate is established by utilizing Timoshenko beam theory and transfer matrix method, and the calculated vibration frequencies are in good agreement with those obtained by finite element method (FEM). The electrical impedance frequency response characteristics, vibration modes and the near-field sound pressure distribution of the transducer in air are also simulated. The results indicate that the amplitude of the ABH wedge radiant plate increases stepwise, and the sound pressure exhibits a gradient distribution. A prototype of the transducer is fabricated and experimentally tested, confirming the accuracy of FEM simulations and the feasibility of the design approach. Finally, the result of the ultrasonic levitation experiment indicates that the ABH design can give rise to gradient distribution of sound pressure in standing wave sound field for achieving precise particle sorting.
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Keywords:
- acoustic black hole structure /
- air-coupled ultrasonic transducer /
- longitudinal-flexural mode conversion /
- ultrasonic levitation
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图 1 声黑洞楔形结构振动模式转换超声换能器
Fig. 1. Ultrasonic transducer with acoustic black hole wedge structure based on vibration mode-conversion.
图 2 换能器尺寸参数示意图 (a)纵向夹心式换能器; (b)声黑洞楔形结构辐射板
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the transducer’s dimensions: (a) The longitudinal sandwich transducer; (b) the ABH wedge radiant plate.
图 7 有限元仿真得到的换能器电阻抗频率响应曲线
Fig. 7. Electrical impedance frequency response curve of the transducer obtained by FEM.
图 8 (a)换能器整体模态; (b)辐射板弯曲振动模态
Fig. 8. (a) Vibration mode of the whole transducer; (b) the flexural vibration mode of the radiant plate.
图 9 归一化的辐射板横向位移分布曲线
Fig. 9. Curve of normalized transverse displacement distribution of the radiant plate.
图 10 空气中辐射近声场建模的网格划分
Fig. 10. Meshing of the modeling of radiated near sound field in air.
图 11 空气中近场声压分布有限元仿真结果
Fig. 11. Near-field sound pressure distribution in air obtained by FEM.
图 12 声黑洞楔形结构振动模式转换换能器样机
Fig. 12. Prototype of the ultrasonic transducer with acoustic black hole wedge structure based on vibration mode-conversion.
图 13 阻抗分析实验 (a) WK6500B精密阻抗分析仪及换能器样机; (b)换能器输入电阻抗及相位的频率响应曲线
Fig. 13. Impedance analysis experiment: (a) The WK6500B precision impedance analyzer and the transducer sample; (b) magnitude and phase of the input electric impedance of the transducer.
图 14 激光测振实验 (a) Polytec PSV-400全场扫描式激光振动测量系统及换能器样机; (b)辐射板弯曲振动模态
Fig. 14. Laser vibrometry experiment: (a) The Polytec PSV-400 full-field scanning laser vibrometry system and the transducer sample; (b) flexural vibration mode of the radiant plate.
图 16 空气中近场声压分布实验测量与有限元仿真结果对比 (a)测量点示意; (b)距辐射面10 mm处长度方向上声压分布; (c)距辐射面10 mm处宽度方向上声压分布; (d)轴向上声压分布
Fig. 16. Comparison of the experimental and FEM’s results of near-field sound pressure distribution in air: (a) Schematic diagram of measuring points; (b) sound pressure distribution in the length direction 10 mm away from the radiant surface; (c) sound pressure distribution in the width direction 10 mm away from the radiant surface; (d) axial sound pressure distribution.
图 17 (a)超声悬浮实验平台; (b) EPS小球的梯度悬浮
Fig. 17. (a) Platform of ultrasonic levitation experiment; (b) gradient levitation of EPS pellets.
表 1 辐射板弯曲振动频率计算结果对比
Table 1. Comparison of calculated flexural vibration frequency of the radiant plate.
参数 一阶 二阶 三阶 四阶 五阶 六阶 ${f_{\text{T}}}$/Hz 5575 13909 26722 43370 62585 83304 ${f_{\text{F}}}$/Hz 5431 13402 26101 43287 62847 83737 ${\Delta _1}$/% 2.65 3.78 2.38 0.19 0.42 0.52 
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