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为了实现一定频段内任意低频下在长骨中激励导波信号，本文提出一种采用聚焦高频（5 MHz）超声换能器在长骨皮质骨中激发低频（150 kHz）超声导波的振动声方法.首先介绍了板状超声导波理论和双声束共聚焦法与单声束调幅法激发振动声的基本原理；进而采用三维有限元仿真方法分析振动声激发低频超声导波的基本现象，然后结合牛胫骨板离体实验，验证振动声激发低频超声导波的可行性.结果均表明，双声束共焦与单声束振动超声均可在骨板中激发低频超声导波.相关研究方法有助于提高空间域长骨中超声导波测量精度，以及在一定频段内实现任意频率激励等，对发展低频超声导波在体测量长骨皮质骨的新技术具有一定的指导意义.Ultrasonic guided wave is sensitive to waveguide microstructure and material property, which has great potential applications in long cortical bone evaluation. Due to the multimodal dispersion effect, low-frequency guided wave is usually used to avoid multimode overlapping and simplify the signal processing. However, the traditional low-frequency ultrasound transducer is usually designed on a large-scale (around several millimeters), leading to relatively low-spatial resolution. In response to such a technique limit, an ultrasound-stimulated vibro-acoustic method is introduced to excite low-frequency ultrasonic guided waves. There are two excitation ways of the ultrasound-stimulated vibro-acoustic method, i.e., a single amplitude-modulated (AM) beam and confocal beam excitation. In the case of the single beam excitation, a high-frequency signal is modulated by using a low-frequency amplitude. In addition, low-frequency vibration can also be produced by a confocal transducer, where two beams are close to the center frequency and focus on a small region. In this way, the frequency difference between two beams can be selected to generate the arbitrary low-frequency excitation in a given bandwidth on the focus point. In this paper, we first introduce the theory of ultrasonic guided wave in the plate and the basic principle of ultrasound-stimulated acoustic emission. Second, the three-dimensional finite element method is used to simulate the phenomena of the low-frequency ultrasonic guided waves excited by the ultrasound-stimulated vibro-acoustic method. Two Gaussian-function enveloped tone-burst signals close to the center frequencies of 5 MHz are used to excite 150 kHz low-frequency guided wave in a 3 mm-thick bone plate. An ex-vivo bovine bone plate is involved in the experiments to test the feasibility of the proposed method. The axial transmission ultrasonic guided waves are recorded at eight different propagation distances. The time-frequency representation method is used to analyze the dispersive guided waves. The results indicate that both the two confocal beams and the single AM beam are capable of stimulating low-frequency ultrasonic guided waves in the bone plate. The first two fundamental guided wave modes, i.e., symmetrical S0 and asymmetrical A0 are observed in the bone plate. Similar spectrum can be obtained in the two different excitation ways. In the simulation and experiment, two wave packets can be separated in the distance-time diagram of the received signals. Good agreement can be found between the results of time-frequency representation and the theoretical group dispersion curves. This study can enhance the spatial resolution of measuring ultrasonic guided wave in long bone, and improve the flexibility of excitation with arbitrary frequency in a given bandwidth. The study can be helpful for developing the new clinical techniques of using low-frequency guided waves for long cortical bone assessment.
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Keywords:
- long cortical bone /
- ultrasonic guided wave /
- finite element simulation /
- vibro-acoustic stimulating
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[13] Xu K L, Ta D A, Moilanen P, Wang W Q 2012 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131 2714
[14] Zhang R 2000 Acta Phys. Sin. 49 1297 (in Chinese) [张锐 2000 49 1297]
[15] Xu K L, Minonzio J G, Ta D A, Hu B, Wang W Q, Laugier P 2016 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 63 1514
[16] Song X, Ta D A, Wang W Q 2011 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 37 1704
[17] Xu K L, Ta D A, Wang W Q 2010 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 57 2480
[18] Xu K L, Ta D A, Cassereau D, Hu B, Wang W Q, Laugier P, Minonzio J G 2016 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140 1758
[19] Zeng L, Lin J, Huang L 2017 Sensors 17 955
[20] Zeng L, Lin J, Bao J, Joseph R P, Huang L 2017 J. Sound Vib. 394 130
[21] Xu K L, Ta D A, Hu B, Laugier P, Wang W Q 2014 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 61 997
[22] Lin J, Hua J, Zeng L, Luo Z 2015 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 63 165
[23] Bai L, Xu K L, Bochud N, Ta D A, Hu B, Laugier P, Minonzio J G 2016 International Ultrasonics SymposiumTours, France, September 18-21, 2016 p1
[24] Karppinen P, Salmi A, Moilanen P, Karppinen T 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 144904
[25] Fatemi M, Greenleaf J F 1998 Science 280 82
[26] Zhao G M, Lu M Z, Wan M X, Fang L 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 6596 (in Chinese) [赵贵敏, 陆明珠, 万明习, 方莉 2009 58 6596]
[27] Chen S, Fatemi M, Kinnick R, Greenleaf J F 2004 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 51 313
[28] He P Z, Cheng H P, Shou W D 2011 Tech. Acoust. 30 78 (in Chinese) [何培忠, 程海凭, 寿文德 2011 声学技术 30 78]
[29] Mitri F G, Kinnick R R 2012 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 59 248
[30] Alizad A, Mehrmohammadi M, Ghosh K, Glazebrook K N, Carter R E, Karaberkmez L G, Whaley D H, Fatemi M 2014 BMC Med. Imaging 14 40
[31] Suarez M W, Dever D D, Gu X, Illian P R, McClintic A M, Mehic E, Mourad P D 2015 Ultrasonics 61 151
[32] Ding Q N, Tao C, Liu X J 2017 Opt. Express 25 6164
[33] Rose J L (translated by Wang X Y, He C F, Wu B) 1999 Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media (Beijing: Science Press) pp82-92 (in Chinese) [罗斯J L 著(王秀彦, 何存富, 吴斌 译)1999 固体中的超声波(北京: 科学出版社)第8292页
[34] Laugier P, Haat G 2011 Bone Quantitative Ultrasound (Berlin: Springer Netherlands) pp5, 6
[35] Fatemi M, Wold L E, Alizad A, Greenleaf J F 2002 IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 21 1
[36] He P Z, Xia R M, Duan S M, Shou W D 2005 Tech. Acoust. 24 34 (in Chinese) [何培忠, 夏荣民, 段世梅, 寿文德 2005 声学技术 24 34]
[37] Ta D A, Wang W Q 2004 China Medical Equipment 1 4 (in Chinese) [他得安, 王威琪 2004 中国医学装备 1 4]
[38] Du P A, Yu Y T, Liu J T 2011 Finite Element Method: Theory, Modeling and Application (Beijing: National Defense Industry Press) pp1-12 (in Chinese) [杜平安, 于亚婷, 刘建涛 2011 有限元法: 原理、建模及应用(北京: 国防工业出版社)第112页]
[39] Gsell D, Leutenegger T, Dual J 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 3284
[40] Jiang S S, Liu Y, Xing E J 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 064212 (in Chinese) [姜珊珊, 刘艳, 邢尔军 2015 64 064212]
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[1] Li Y, Liu D, Xu K L, Ta D A, Lawrence H, Wang W 2017 Biomed Res. Int.2017 3083141
[2] Kang I L, Yoon S W 2016 Appl. Acoust. 112 10
[3] Ta D A, Wang W Q, Wang Y Y 2009 Appl. Acoust. 28 161 (in Chinese) [他得安, 王威琪, 汪源源 2009 应用声学 28 161]
[4] Moilanen P 2008 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 55 1277
[5] Ta D A, Huang K, Wang W Q, Wang Y Y, Le L H 2006 Ultrasonics 44 e279
[6] Liu Y, Guo X S, Zhang D, Gong X F 2011 Acta Acust. 36 179 (in Chinese) [刘洋, 郭霞生, 章东, 龚秀芬 2011 声学学报 36179]
[7] Ta D A, Wang W Q, Wang Y Y, Le L H, Zhou Y 2009 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 35 641
[8] Zhang Z G, Ta D A 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 134304 (in Chinese) [张正罡, 他得安 2012 61 134304]
[9] Bochud N, Vallet Q, Bala Y, Follet H, Minonzio J G, Laugier P 2016 Phys. Med. Biol. 61 6953
[10] Siffert R S, Kaufman J J 2007 Bone 40 5
[11] Xu K L, Tan Z, Ta D A, Wang W Q 2014 Acta Acust. 39 99 (in Chinese) [许凯亮, 谈钊, 他得安, 王威琪 2014 声学学报 39 99]
[12] Wilcox P, Lowe M, Cawley P 2001 NDT E Int. 34 1
[13] Xu K L, Ta D A, Moilanen P, Wang W Q 2012 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131 2714
[14] Zhang R 2000 Acta Phys. Sin. 49 1297 (in Chinese) [张锐 2000 49 1297]
[15] Xu K L, Minonzio J G, Ta D A, Hu B, Wang W Q, Laugier P 2016 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 63 1514
[16] Song X, Ta D A, Wang W Q 2011 Ultrasound Med. Biol. 37 1704
[17] Xu K L, Ta D A, Wang W Q 2010 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 57 2480
[18] Xu K L, Ta D A, Cassereau D, Hu B, Wang W Q, Laugier P, Minonzio J G 2016 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140 1758
[19] Zeng L, Lin J, Huang L 2017 Sensors 17 955
[20] Zeng L, Lin J, Bao J, Joseph R P, Huang L 2017 J. Sound Vib. 394 130
[21] Xu K L, Ta D A, Hu B, Laugier P, Wang W Q 2014 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 61 997
[22] Lin J, Hua J, Zeng L, Luo Z 2015 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 63 165
[23] Bai L, Xu K L, Bochud N, Ta D A, Hu B, Laugier P, Minonzio J G 2016 International Ultrasonics SymposiumTours, France, September 18-21, 2016 p1
[24] Karppinen P, Salmi A, Moilanen P, Karppinen T 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 144904
[25] Fatemi M, Greenleaf J F 1998 Science 280 82
[26] Zhao G M, Lu M Z, Wan M X, Fang L 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 6596 (in Chinese) [赵贵敏, 陆明珠, 万明习, 方莉 2009 58 6596]
[27] Chen S, Fatemi M, Kinnick R, Greenleaf J F 2004 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 51 313
[28] He P Z, Cheng H P, Shou W D 2011 Tech. Acoust. 30 78 (in Chinese) [何培忠, 程海凭, 寿文德 2011 声学技术 30 78]
[29] Mitri F G, Kinnick R R 2012 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 59 248
[30] Alizad A, Mehrmohammadi M, Ghosh K, Glazebrook K N, Carter R E, Karaberkmez L G, Whaley D H, Fatemi M 2014 BMC Med. Imaging 14 40
[31] Suarez M W, Dever D D, Gu X, Illian P R, McClintic A M, Mehic E, Mourad P D 2015 Ultrasonics 61 151
[32] Ding Q N, Tao C, Liu X J 2017 Opt. Express 25 6164
[33] Rose J L (translated by Wang X Y, He C F, Wu B) 1999 Ultrasonic Waves in Solid Media (Beijing: Science Press) pp82-92 (in Chinese) [罗斯J L 著(王秀彦, 何存富, 吴斌 译)1999 固体中的超声波(北京: 科学出版社)第8292页
[34] Laugier P, Haat G 2011 Bone Quantitative Ultrasound (Berlin: Springer Netherlands) pp5, 6
[35] Fatemi M, Wold L E, Alizad A, Greenleaf J F 2002 IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 21 1
[36] He P Z, Xia R M, Duan S M, Shou W D 2005 Tech. Acoust. 24 34 (in Chinese) [何培忠, 夏荣民, 段世梅, 寿文德 2005 声学技术 24 34]
[37] Ta D A, Wang W Q 2004 China Medical Equipment 1 4 (in Chinese) [他得安, 王威琪 2004 中国医学装备 1 4]
[38] Du P A, Yu Y T, Liu J T 2011 Finite Element Method: Theory, Modeling and Application (Beijing: National Defense Industry Press) pp1-12 (in Chinese) [杜平安, 于亚婷, 刘建涛 2011 有限元法: 原理、建模及应用(北京: 国防工业出版社)第112页]
[39] Gsell D, Leutenegger T, Dual J 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 3284
[40] Jiang S S, Liu Y, Xing E J 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 064212 (in Chinese) [姜珊珊, 刘艳, 邢尔军 2015 64 064212]
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