Parameter optimization of Rydberg atomic receiver based on channel capacity criterion

CHEN Guanyu; WANG Cheng; YANG Bin; ZHOU Pengpeng; CHEN Tiantian; WU Yuchen

doi:10.7498/aps.74.20250944

Abstract

Rydberg atoms possess a large electric dipole moment and exhibit high sensitivity to electromagnetic signals. Receivers based on Rydberg atoms represent a novel reception mechanism, demonstrating broad application prospects in the field of communication. Current research has not addressed the influence of the operating parameters of Rydberg atomic receiver on channel capacity. This study establishes a channel capacity model for Rydberg atomic receiver based on Shannon's formula and the response mechanism of the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect. Using this model, the influences of atomic number density, laser beam waist, and coupling laser Rabi frequency on the channel capacity of Rydberg atomic receiver are analyzed. A strategy for optimizing channel capacity by adjusting the coupling laser Rabi frequency is proposed, and an analytical solution for the Rabi frequency that maximizes channel capacity is derived. The accuracy of this analytical solution is then verified through numerical simulations. The channel capacity corresponding to the analytical solution in this study is similar to the optimal channel capacity obtained using the one-dimensional optimization method (Newton’s method) and is superior to the results obtained by the quadratic interpolation method, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed analytical solution in optimizing the channel capacity of Rydberg atomic receiver. This research provides theoretical guidance for designing high-performance Rydberg atomic receiver and optimizing channel capacity.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Information Engineering University, Institute of Information System Engineering, Zhengzhou 450001, China

Corresponding author: WANG Cheng, wangc1132024@163.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62171469, 62071029).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 里德伯原子接收机　(a) 实验装置; (b) Rb原子四能级跃迁示意图

Figure 1. Rydberg atomic receiver: (a) Experimental setup; (b) schematic of the four-level transition diagram in Rb atoms.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a) 信道容量与原子数密度之间的关系曲线; (b) 信道容量与激光束腰之间的关系曲线

Figure 2. (a) Channel capacity versus atomic density; (b) channel capacity versus laser beam waist.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a) 带宽$ B $与$ {\varOmega _{\text{c}}} $的关系曲线; (b) 信噪比$ {\mathrm{SNR}} $与$ {\varOmega _{\text{c}}} $的关系曲线

Figure 3. (a) Bandwidth $ B $ versus $ {\varOmega _{\text{c}}} $; (b) $ {\mathrm{SNR}} $ versus $ {\varOmega _{\text{c}}} $.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 $ {{\partial {C_{{\text{Ry}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial {C_{{\text{Ry}}}}} {\partial {\varOmega _{\text{c}}}}}} \right. } {\partial {\varOmega _{\text{c}}}}} $与$ {\varOmega _{\text{c}}} $的关系曲线

Figure 4. $ {{\partial {C_{{\text{Ry}}}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial {C_{{\text{Ry}}}}} {\partial {\varOmega _{\text{c}}}}}} \right. } {\partial {\varOmega _{\text{c}}}}} $ versus $ {\varOmega _{\text{c}}} $.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 $ {\varOmega _{{\text{c-opt}}}} $与$ {\varOmega _{{\text{RF}}}} $的关系曲线

Figure 5. $ {\varOmega _{{\text{c-opt}}}} $ versus $ {\varOmega _{{\text{RF}}}} $.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 方法对比图

Figure 6. Methods comparison.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 符号说明

Table 1. Symbols and definitions.

符号	含义	参数的变化对信道容量的影响程度
$ {\varOmega _{\text{c}}} $	耦合光拉比频率	$ {\varOmega _{\text{c}}} $从$ 2\pi \times 10{\text{ MHz}} $提升至$ 2\pi \times 15{\text{ MHz}} $, 信道容量提升约8—14 Mbit/s
$ {\varOmega _{\text{p}}} $	探测光拉比频率	$ {\varOmega _{\text{p}}} $从$ 2\pi \times 1{\text{ MHz}} $提升至$ 2\pi \times 3{\text{ MHz}} $, 信道容量提升约1 Mbit/s ($ {\varOmega _{\text{p}}} $通常取值较小)
$ {\varOmega _{{\text{RF}}}} $	信号场拉比频率	$ {\varOmega _{{\text{RF}}}} $从$ 2\pi \times 5{\text{ MHz}} $提升至$ 2\pi \times 15{\text{ MHz}} $, 信道容量提升约5 Mbit/s
$ n $	原子数密度	$ n $从$ 25 \times {10^{16}}{\text{ }}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}} $提升至$ 100 \times {10^{16}}{\text{ }}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}} $, 信道容量提升约8 Mbit/s
$ r $	激光束腰	$ r $从$ 25{\text{ μm}} $提升至$ 125{\text{ μm}} $, 信道容量提升约8—12 Mbit/s
$ L $	原子气室长度	信道容量随$ L $的增大略有提升
$ {{{\varGamma }}_i} $	能级$ \| i \rangle $自发辐射衰变速率	由实验设置确定
$ {\omega _{\text{p}}} $	探测光频率	由实验设置确定
$ {q_{\text{d}}} $	探测效率	固定值
$ {\varepsilon _0} $	真空介电常数	固定值
$ \hbar $	约化普朗克常数	固定值
$ \delta $	里德伯态失谐	固定值

DownLoad: CSV

map

[1]	Adams C S, Pritchard J D, Shaffer J P 2019 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 012002 Google Scholar
[2]	Fancher C T, Scherer D R, John M C S, Schmittberger M B L 2021 IEEE Trans. Quantum Eng. 2 3501313 Google Scholar
[3]	Schlossberger N, Prajapati N, Berweger S, Rotunno A P, Artusio-Glimpse A B, Simons M T, Sheikh A A, Norrgard E B, Eckel S P, Holloway C L 2024 Nat. Rev. Phys. 6 606 Google Scholar
[4]	Sedlacek J A, Schwettmann A, Kübler H, Löw R, Pfau T, Shaffer J P 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 819 Google Scholar
[5]	Anderson D A, Sapiro R E, Raithel G 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 5931 Google Scholar
[6]	Meyer D H, Kunz P D, Cox K C 2021 Phys. Rev. Appl. 15 014053 Google Scholar
[7]	Fan H Q, Kumar S, Kübler H, Shaffer J P 2016 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 49 104004 Google Scholar
[8]	Jing M Y, Hu Y, Ma J, Zhang H, Zhang L J, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 911 Google Scholar
[9]	Ding D S, Liu Z K, Shi B S, Guo G C, Mølmer K, Adams C S 2022 Nat. Phys 18 1447 Google Scholar
[10]	Tu H T, Liao K Y, Zhang Z X, Liu X H, Zheng S Y, Yang S Z, Zhang X D, Yan H, Zhu S L 2022 Nat. Photonics 16 291 Google Scholar
[11]	Meyer D H, Cox K C, Fatemi F K, Kunz P D 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 211108 Google Scholar
[12]	Yuan J P, Jin T, Xiao L T, Jia S T, Wang L R 2023 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 22 2580 Google Scholar
[13]	Yuan J P, Jin T, Yan Y, Xiao L T, Jia S T, Wang L R 2024 EPJ Quantum Technol. 11 2 Google Scholar
[14]	Anderson D A, Sapiro R E, Raithel G 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 2455 Google Scholar
[15]	Cui M Y, Zeng Q, Huang K 2024 IEEE J. Sel. Area. Commun. 43 659 Google Scholar
[16]	Wade C G, Šibalić N, De Melo N R, Kondo J M, Adams C S, Weatherill K J 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 40 Google Scholar
[17]	Downes L A, Mackellar A R, Whiting D J, Bourgenot C, Adams C S, Weatherill K J 2020 Phys. Rev. X 10 011027 Google Scholar
[18]	Li X Z, Li T, Wan J, Zhang B, Huang Q, Yang X Y, Feng L, Zhang K Q, Huang W, Deng H X 2025 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 58 085109 Google Scholar
[19]	Wu K D, Xie C W, Li C F, Guo G C, Zou C L, Xiang G Y 2024 Sci. Adv. 10 8130 Google Scholar
[20]	Bohaichuk S M, Ripka F, Venu V, Christaller F, Liu C, Schmidt M, Kübler H, Shaffer J P 2023 Phys. Rev. Appl. 20 061004 Google Scholar
[21]	Sandidge G, Santamaria-Botello G, Bottomley E, Fan H Q, Popović Z 2024 IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 72 2057 Google Scholar
[22]	Wu F C, An Q, Sun Z S, Fu Y Q 2023 Phys. Rev. A 107 043108 Google Scholar
[23]	Wu Y H, Xiao D P, Zhang H Q, Yan S 2025 Chin. Phys. B 34 013201 Google Scholar
[24]	Gordon J A, Simons M T, Haddab A H, Holloway C L 2019 AIP Adv. 9 45030 Google Scholar
[25]	Otto J S, Hunter M K, Kjærgaard N, Deb A B 2021 J. Appl. Phys. 129 154503 Google Scholar
[26]	Knarr S H, Bucklew V G, Langston J, Cox K C, Hill J C, Meyer D H, Drakes J A 2023 IEEE Trans. Quantum Eng. 4 3500108 Google Scholar
[27]	Zhang L H, Liu B, Liu Z K, Zhang Z Y, Shao S Y, Wang Q F, Ma Y, Han T Y, Guo G C, Ding D S, Shi B S 2024 Chip 3 100089 Google Scholar
[28]	Mao R Q, Lin Y, Fu Y Q, Ma Y M, Yang K 2024 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 72 2025 Google Scholar
[29]	Meyer D H, Hill J C, Kunz P D 2023 Phys. Rev. Appl. 19 014025 Google Scholar
[30]	Meyer D H, O’Brien C, Fahey D P, Cox K C, Kunz P D 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 043103 Google Scholar
[31]	Zhang P, Jing M Y, Wang Z, Peng Y, Yuan S X, Zhang H, Xiao L T, Jia S T, Zhang L J 2023 EPJ Quantum Technol. 10 39 Google Scholar
[32]	Wu H, Wu S C, Gong C, Li S B, Zhu J K 2024 14th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing Rome, Italy, July 17–19, 2024 p74
[33]	Kumar S, Fan H Q, Kübler H, Sheng J T, Shaffer J P 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 42981 Google Scholar
[34]	Song Z F, Liu H P, Liu X C, Zhang W F, Zou H Y, Zhang J, Qu J F 2019 Opt. Express 27 8848 Google Scholar
[35]	Bussey L W, Winterburn A, Menchetti M, Burton F, Whitley T 2021 J. Lightwave Technol. 39 7813 Google Scholar
[36]	Li F 2025 Opt. Lett. 50 1369 Google Scholar
[37]	Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Dienstfrey A, Anderson D A, Raithel G 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 233106 Google Scholar
[38]	Shannon C E 1949 Proc. IRE 37 10 Google Scholar
[39]	Cox K C, Meyer D H, Fatemi F K, Kunz P D 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 110502 Google Scholar
[40]	Shylla D, Prajapati N, Rotunno A P, Schlossberger N, Manchaiah D, Watterson W J, Artusio-Glimpse A, Berweger S, Simons M T, Holloway C L 2025 Phys. Rev. A 111 033115 Google Scholar
[41]	Hu J L, Jiao Y C, He Y H, Zhang H, Zhang L J, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2023 EPJ Quantum Technol. 10 51 Google Scholar
[42]	Akgül A, Grow D 2023 Mathematics 11 2277 Google Scholar
[43]	Zhao W G, Wang L Y, Zhang Z X, Mirjalili S, Khodadadi N, Ge Q 2023 Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 417 116446 Google Scholar

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