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基于Rydberg原子的量子微波测量技术具有自校准、可溯源、高灵敏度的显著优点, 针对如何提高量子微波测量灵敏度的问题, 本文从经典电磁理论出发, 提出一种终端短路的1/4波长平行板传输线谐振器电场局域增强结构. 运用场路结合的分析方法以及等效电路方法, 求解平行板传输线谐振器结构端口的反射系数为0.91; 利用场的分析方法推导出端口电场强度随时间变化的解析表达式, 进行时域分析, 绘制了平行板传输线谐振器端口的电场强度瞬态响应曲线, 得出平行板传输线谐振器建立稳态的时间为10 ns. 研究表明, 随着平行板间距的减小, 电场强度增强倍数迅速升高, 功率密度压缩能力大幅提升. 利用|69D5/2
$ \rangle $ 实验验证了该结构在2.1 GHz可实现25 dB的电场强度增强. 本文的研究工作有望在原子测量能力基础上进一步提高测量灵敏度, 推动量子微波测量技术的实用化发展.Rydberg atoms based quantum microwave measurement technology has significant advantages such as self-calibration, traceability, high sensitivity and stable uniformity of measurement. In this work, from the dimension of traditional electromagnetic theory, an electric field local enhancement technique for quantum microwave measurements is developed to improve the sensitivity of quantum microwave receiver. The theoretical basis of this method comes from the different mechanisms of realization of microwave reception in quantum microwave receivers and classical receiver. Classic receivers use antennas to collect microwave energy in space to signal reception; quantum microwave receivers measure the strength of the electric field in the path of a laser beam in an atomic gas chamber (the beam is about 100 µm in diameter) to realize the signal reception. Therefore, the sensitivity of quantum microwave receiver can be improved by increasing the electric field strength in the path of laser beam. The critical physical mechanism is the multi-beam interference at the open end and the short-circuited end of the structure. The results show that with the decrease of gap height of parallel plates, the enhancement factor of electric field strength increases rapidly and the power density compression capability is greatly improved. The |69D5/2$\rangle $ experiments verify that the structure can achieve a 25 dB electric field enhancement at 2.1 GHz. This research is expected to be helpful in improving the sensitivity of measurement based on atomic measurement capabilities and in promoting the practical development of quantum microwave measurement technology.[1] Joshua A G, Christopher L H, Andrew S, Dave A A, Stephanie M, Nithiwadee T, Georg R 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 1683
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Guo Y F 2009 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: Institute of Electrics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
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图 1 PPTLR电场局域增强结构仿真示意图
Fig. 1. PPTLR electric field local enhancement structure simulation.
图 2 观测点电场强度随频率的变化
Fig. 2. Variation of electric field intensity at observation point with frequency.
图 3 不同相对介电常数
$ {\varepsilon }_{\rm{r}} $ 气室壁时, 观测点电场强度随频率的变化Fig. 3. Variation of electric field intensity with frequency at the observation points in different walls of the dielectric constant
${\varepsilon }_{\rm{r}}$ cell.
图 4 不同PPTLR长度
$ {l}_{0} $ 时, 观测点电场强度随频率的变化Fig. 4. Electric field intensity as a function of frequency at the observation point in different PPTLR length
$ {l}_{0} $ .
图 7 观测点电场强度随平行板间距的变化
Fig. 7. Electric field intensity at the observation point with the height of the gap between parallel plates.
图 8 (a)平面波照射PPTLR的示意图; (b)平面波照射PPTLR的并联谐振等效电路
Fig. 8. (a) Schematic diagram of plane wave irradiating PPTLR; (b) parallel resonant equivalent circuit of plane wave irradiating PPTLR.
图 10 (a)能级示意图; (b)实验装置图
Fig. 10. (a) Cesium atomic energy level diagram; (b) overview of the experimental setup.
图 13 归一化光谱图 (a) EIT谱; (b) EIT-AT分裂谱
Fig. 13. Normalized spectrograms: (a) EIT spectrum; (b) EIT-AT split spectrum.
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[1] Joshua A G, Christopher L H, Andrew S, Dave A A, Stephanie M, Nithiwadee T, Georg R 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 1683
Google Scholar
[2] 付云起, 林沂, 武博, 安强, 刘燚 2022 电波科学学报 37 279
Google Scholar
Fu Y Q, Lin Y, Wu B, An Q, Liu Y 2022 Journal of Radio Wave Science 37 279
Google Scholar
[3] Zhou Y L, Yan D, Li W 2022 Phys. Rev. A 105 053714
Google Scholar
[4] Christopher L H, Matt T S, Joshua A G, Andrew D, David A A, Georg R 2017 J. Appl. Phys. 121 717
Google Scholar
[5] Ansari R, Giraud-Héraud Y, Tran Thanh Van J 1996 Dark Matter in Cosmology Quantum Measurements Experimental Gravitation (Vol. 91) (Atlantica Séguier Frontières) p341
[6] Jonathon A S, Arne S, Harald K, Robert L, Tilman P, James P S 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 819
Google Scholar
[7] Cox K C, Meyer D H, Fatemi F K 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 110502
Google Scholar
[8] Kai Y, Sun Z S, Miao R Q, Lin Y, Liu Y, An Q, Fu Y Q 2022 Chin. Opt. Lett. 20 081203
Google Scholar
[9] Meyer D H, Cox K C, Fatemi F K 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 211108
Google Scholar
[10] Otto J S, Hunter M K, Kjærgaard N 2021 J. Appl. Phys. 129 154503
Google Scholar
[11] Anderson D A, Sapiro R E, Raithel G 2021 IEEE Trans. Anten. Propag. 69 2455
Google Scholar
[12] 吴逢川, 林沂, 武博, 付云起 2022 71 207402
Google Scholar
Wu F C, Lin Y, Wu B, Fu Y Q 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 207402
Google Scholar
[13] Yao J W, An Q, Zhou Y L, Yang K, Wu F C, Fu Y Q 2022 Optics Lett. 47 5256
Google Scholar
[14] Christopher H, Mathew S, Abdulaziz H H, Joshua A G, David A A, Georg R, Steven V 2021 IEEE Anten. Propag. Magaz. 63 63
Google Scholar
[15] Mao R Q, Lin Y, Kai Y, An Q, Fu Y Q 2022 IEEE Anten. Wire. Propag Lett. 3212057
Google Scholar
[16] 林沂, 吴逢川, 毛瑞棋, 姚佳伟, 刘燚, 安强, 付云起 2022 71 170702
Google Scholar
Lin Y, Wu F C, Mao R Q, Yao J W, Liu Y, An Q, Fu Y Q 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 170702
Google Scholar
[17] David H M, Christopher O B, Donald P F, Kevin C C, Paul D K 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 043103
Google Scholar
[18] Jing M Y, Hu Y, Ma J, Zhang H, Zhang L J, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2020 Nature Physics. 16 911
Google Scholar
[19] Cai M H, Xu Z S, You S H, Liu H P 2022 Photonics. 9 250
Google Scholar
[20] Quantum-Apertures DARPA https://www.darpa.mil/program/quantum-apertures [2021-05-20]
[21] Anderson D A, Paradis E G, Raithel G 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 113 073501
Google Scholar
[22] Anderson D A, Raithel G A, Paradis E G 2019 US Patent 10823775 B2 [2019-06-20]
[23] Holloway C L, Prajapati N, Artusio-Glimpse A, Samuel B, Matthew T S, Yoshiaki K, Andrea A, Richard W Z 2022 Appl. Phys. Lett. 120 204001
Google Scholar
[24] Wu B, Lin Y, Liao D, Liu Y, An Q, Fu Y Q 2022 Elec. Lett. 58 914
Google Scholar
[25] Ida N 2000 Engineering Electromagnetics (Berlin: Springer) p20
[26] 郭艳芳 2009 硕士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院电子学研究所)
Guo Y F 2009 M. S. Thesis (Beijing: Institute of Electrics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)
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