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In 1934, Eugene Wigner, who attended Princeton University, predicted the existence of electronic crystals. Electrons have both kinetic energy and potential energy of interaction. When the density of electronic states satisfies certain conditions, due to the repulsion between electrons, electrons will tend to arrange themselves in a regular lattice structure, forming electron crystals, also known as Wigner crystals. For nearly 90 years, Wigner crystals have fascinated condensed matter physicists. Physicists have designed many ingenious semiconductor heterojunctions to obtain lower electron densities and added magnetic fields to obtain larger effective masses of electrons.In 1979, experiments revealed the existence of a phase transition from an electron liquid phase to an electron crystal on the surface of liquid helium, and subsequent experiments observed the characteristics of two-dimensional Wigner crystals in two-dimensional electron gas at high magnetic fields. However, direct observation of 2D Wigner lattices in real space remains a formidable challenge. Through the graphene sensing layer of WSe2/WS2moiré superlattice, Hongyuan Li and Wang Feng et al. observed the real-space morphology of Wigner crystals in their experiments. And in a recent study, researchers used high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy measurements to directly image magnetic field-induced Wigner crystals in bernal stacking bilayer graphene and investigate their structural properties as a function of electron density, magnetic field, and temperature. In this paper, we will introduce some interesting things about Wigner crystals through four representative works briefly.
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Keywords:
- Wigner crystals /
- electron solids /
- quantum phase transitions /
- scanning tunneling microscopy
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