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Energy and environmental challenges caused by the excessive consumption of fossil fuels are major concerns worldwide, and the use of automotive air conditioning can increase total fuel consumption by 10% to 30%, thereby exacerbating these problems. To reduce the energy consumption for automotive air conditioning, a multilayer-film design based on radiative cooling and electrochromic modulation is proposed for regulating the temperature inside vehicles. The designed multilayer-film not only passively realizes temperature drop but also actively regulates the entry of solar radiation, which can help the vehicle air conditioning system to adjust the interior temperature autonomously. To verify its effectiveness, a film-applied empty box device is designed for radiometric temperature measurement. Experimental results indicate that the maximum interior temperature drop of the multilayer film increases by approximately 9.8 ℃ compared with that of single-layer films in the sunlight irradiation, and dynamic temperature regulation of about 4.6 ℃ can be achieved by adjusting the transmittance of the multilayer film. To study the environmental adaptability of the multilayer film, experiments are conducted on an outdoor film-applied device during the summer and winter in Shenyang, China ($\rm 41^\circ44'N, 123^\circ39'E$), the place which is characterized by a typical temperate continental climate. Results indicate that under high temperature conditions of 30–40 ℃ in summer, the maximum internal temperature drop of the multilayer film reaches 12.9 ℃; while under low temperature conditions of 0–15 ℃ in autumn and winter, the maximum internal temperature drop is only 1.9 ℃, preventing the interior temperature from being too low. In addition, the maximum interior temperature drop increases with the solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature increasing. Therefore, the proposed multilayer-film design, with its potential for temperature self-regulation, provides a promising solution for reducing energy consumption and improving passenger comfort.
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Keywords:
- radiative cooling /
- electrochromism /
- temperature regulation
[1] 国家统计局 2023 中国统计年鉴 42 284
National Bureau of Statistics 2023 China Stat. Yearbook 42 284
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图 1 理论模型示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the theoretical model.
图 2 PDLC电致变色膜机理图及实物状态变化图
Figure 2. PDLC schematic and physical state change diagram.
图 3 室内实验装置图 (a) 模型图; (b) 实物图
Figure 3. Indoor experimental setup: (a) Physical model; (b) real setup.
图 4 室外实验装置 (a) 模型图; (b) 实物图
Figure 4. Outdoor experimental setup: (a) Physical model; (b) real setup.
图 5 多层膜与单层膜制冷性能对比
Figure 5. Cooling performance between multilayer film and single-layer film.
图 6 不同电压下多层膜制冷性能
Figure 6. Cooling performance of multilayer film at different voltages.
图 7 第40 min时热成像仪画面 (a) 未使用多层膜; (b) 使用多层膜
Figure 7. Thermal imaging camera display at 40th minute: (a) Without multilayer film; (b) with multilayer film.
图 8 夏季实验结果 (a) 2023年7月31日 0 V全雾; (b) 2023年8月1日 30 V 全透
Figure 8. Summer experimental results: (a) July 31st, 2023, 0 V, fully foggy; (b) August 1st, 2023, 30 V, fully clear.
图 9 秋冬季实验结果 (a) 2023年11月15日 0 V 全雾; (b) 2023年11月29日 30 V 全透
Figure 9. Autumn/Winter experimental results: (a) November 15th, 2023, 0 V, fully foggy (b) November 29th, 2023, 30 V, fully clear.
图 10 太阳辐射强度及环境温度对制冷性能的影响 (a) 7月31日制冷性能; (b) 11月15日制冷性能
Figure 10. Effects of solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature on the cooling performance: (a) Cooling performance on July 31st; (b) cooling performance on November 15th.
表 1 辐射制冷膜主要参数
Table 1. Main parameters of radiation cooling film.
参数 百分数/% 参数 百分数/% 反射率 8 光太阳能
增益系数1.24 穿透率 66 太阳能总隔断率 47 紫外线阻隔率 99.9 热增益减少率 28.67 太阳能辐射
吸收系数0.53 炫光减少率 26 
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表 2 电致变色膜主要参数
Table 2. Main parameters of electrochromic film.
参数 数值 参数 数值 穿透率(30 V)% 73.5 功耗/(W·m–²) 6 穿透率(15 V)/% 65.5 使用寿命/h >50000 穿透率(0 V)/% 10.4 工作温度/℃ –20—70 紫外线隔断率/% 98 可视角度/(°) 120 工作电压/V 0—30 基材厚度/μm 600±50
DownLoad: CSV
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[1] 国家统计局 2023 中国统计年鉴 42 284
National Bureau of Statistics 2023 China Stat. Yearbook 42 284
[2] Mogro A E, Huertas J I 2021 Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. 15 271
Google Scholar
[3] Tuchinda C, Srivannaboon S, Lim H W 2006 J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 54 845
Google Scholar
[4] Mousavi N S S, Azzopardi B 2023 Energies 16 5256
Google Scholar
[5] Catalanotti S, Cuomo V, Piro G, Ruggi D, Silvestrini V, Troise G 1975 Sol. Energy 17 83
Google Scholar
[6] Lin K T, Han J H, Li K, Guo C S, Lin H, Jia B H 2021 Nano Energy 80 105517
Google Scholar
[7] Li Z Z, Chen Q Y, Song Y, Zhu B, Zhu J 2020 Adv. Mater. Technol. 5 1901007
Google Scholar
[8] 刘扬, 潘登, 陈文, 王文强, 沈昊, 徐红星 2020 69 036501
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Pan D, Chen W, Wang W Q, Shen H, Xu H X 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 036501
Google Scholar
[9] 刘士彦, 姚博, 谭永胜, 徐海涛, 冀婷, 方泽波 2017 66 248801
Google Scholar
Liu S Y, Yao B, Tan Y S, Xu H T, Ji T, Fang Z B 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 248801
Google Scholar
[10] 于海童, 刘东, 杨震, 段远源 2018 67 024209
Google Scholar
Yu H T, Liu D, Yang Z, Duan Y Y 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 024209
Google Scholar
[11] Cannavale A, Ayr U, Martellotta F 2018 Energy Procedia 148 900
Google Scholar
[12] Hemaida A, Ghosh A, Sundaram S, Mallick T K 2020 Sol. Energy 195 185
Google Scholar
[13] Jaksic N I, Salahifar C 2003 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 79 409
Google Scholar
[14] Sun J W, Chen Y N, Liang Z Q 2016 Adv. Funct. Mater. 26 2783
Google Scholar
[15] Wu Z X, Zhao Q, Luo X Y, Ma H D, Zheng W Q, Yu J W, Zhang Z L, Zhang K Y, Qu K, Yang R P, Jian N N, Hou J, Liu X M, Xu J K, Lu B Y 2022 Chem. Mater. 34 9923
Google Scholar
[16] Ling H, Wu J C, Su F Y, Tian Y Q, Liu Y J 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 1010
Google Scholar
[17] Zhang H M, Miao Z C, Shen W B 2022 Composites Part A 163 107234
Google Scholar
[18] Lee S J, Song S Y 2023 Energy Build. 298 113514
Google Scholar
[19] Casini M 2018 Renewable Energy 119 923
Google Scholar
[20] Hakemi H 2017 Liq. Cryst. Today 26 70
Google Scholar
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