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In the precision spectroscopy of few-electron atoms, the generation of high-intensity metastable helium atoms and helium-like ions is crucial for implementing experimental studies as well as a critical factor for improving the signal-to-noise ratio of experimental measurements. With the rapid development of free-electron laser (FEL) and technology, FEL wavelengths extend from hard X-rays to soft X-rays and even vacuum ultraviolet bands. Meanwhile, laser pulses with ultra-fast, ultra-intense and high repetition frequencies are realized, thus making it possible for FEL to prepare single-quantum state atoms/ions with high efficiency. In this work, we propose an experimental method for obtaining high-intensity single-quantum state helium atoms and helium-like ions by using FEL. The preparation efficiency can be calculated by solving the master equation of light-atom interaction. Considering the experimental parameters involved in this work, we predict that the efficiencies of preparing metastable 23S He, Li+ and Be2+ are about 3%, 6% and 2%, respectively. Compared with the common preparation methods such as gas discharge and electron bombardment, a state-of-the-art laser excitation method can not only increase the preparation efficiency, but also reduce the effects of high-energy stray particles such as electrons, ions, and photons generated during discharge. Furthermore, combined with the laser preparation technique, the sophisticated ion confinement technique, which can ensure a long interaction time between the ions and laser, increases the efficiency of metastable Li+ and Be2+ by several orders of magnitude. Therefore, the preparation of high-intensity metastable helium and helium-like ions can improve the measurement accuracy of precision spectroscopy of atoms and ions. A new experimental method, based on FEL, to study the fine structure energy levels 23P of helium, has the potential to obtain the results with an accuracy exceeding the sub-kHz level. Thus, the high-precision fine structure constants can be determined with the development of high-order quantum electrodynamics theory. In order to measure energy levels with higher accuracy, a new detection technique, which can reduce or even avoid more systematic effects, must be developed. For example, the quantum interference effect, which has been proposed in recent years, seriously affects the accuracy of fine-structure energy levels. If the interference phenomenon of spontaneous radiation between different excited states can be avoided in the detection process, the measurement accuracy will not be affected by this quantum interference effect. High-intensity metastable atoms or ions in chemical reaction dynamics studies also have better chances to investigate reaction mechanisms. In summary, the FEL preparation of high-intensity metastable helium atoms and helium-like ions proposed in this work will lay an important foundation for developing cold atom physics and chemical reaction dynamics.
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Keywords:
- metastable helium and helium-like ions /
- precision spectroscopy /
- free electron laser /
- signal-to-noise ratio /
- preparation effciency
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图 1 (a)制备亚稳态氦原子的相关能级; (b)制备亚稳态氦原子/类氦离子的装置示意图
Figure 1. (a) Energy levels for the preparation of metastable helium; (b) schematic of designed apparatus for the preparation of metastable helium/helium-like ions.
图 2 单脉冲作用时单个氦原子不同能级布居数的时间演化结果
Figure 2. Time evolution for different energy levels of helium by single-pulse excitation.
图 3 激光制备亚稳态氦原子的效率随光斑大小的模拟结果
Figure 3. Simulation results of preparation efficiency of metastable helium with respect to spot size.
图 4 激发效率随同步辐射光通量的变化
Figure 4. Excitation efficiency as a function of the photon flux for synchrotron radiation sources.
图 5 制备亚稳态$ {\rm{Li^{+}}} $和$ {\rm{Be^{2+}}} $的相关能级示意图
Figure 5. Energy levels of metastable $ {\rm{Li^{+}}} $ and $ {\rm{Be^{2+}}} $.
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[1] Heydarizadmotlagh F, Skinner T D G, Kato K, George M C, Hessels E A 2024 Phys. Rev. Lett. 132 163001
Google Scholar
[2] Wen J L, Tang J D, Dong J F, Du X J, Hu S M, Sun Y R 2023 Phys. Rev. A 107 042811
Google Scholar
[3] Henson B, Ross J, Thomas K, et al. 2022 Science 376 199
Google Scholar
[4] Tiesinga E, Mohr P J, Newell D B, Taylor B N 2021 J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 50 033105
Google Scholar
[5] Sun Y R, Hu S M 2020 Natl. Sci. Rev. 7 1818
Google Scholar
[6] Chen J J, Sun Y, Wen J L, Hu S M 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 053824
Google Scholar
[7] Kato K, Skinner T, Hessels E 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 143002
Google Scholar
[8] 郑昕, 孙羽, 陈娇娇, 胡水明 2018 67 164203
Google Scholar
Zheng X, Sun Y R, Chen J J, Hu S M 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 164203
Google Scholar
[9] Zheng X, Sun Y, Chen J J, Jiang W, Pachucki K, Hu S M 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 263002
Google Scholar
[10] Feng G P, Zheng X, Sun Y R, Hu S M 2015 Phys. Rev. A 91 030502
Google Scholar
[11] Zheng X, Sun Y, Chen J J, Jiang W, Pachucki K, Hu S M 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 063001
Google Scholar
[12] Vutha A C, Hessels E A 2015 Phys. Rev. A 92 052504
Google Scholar
[13] Pastor P C, Consolino L, Giusfredi G, De Natale P, Inguscio M, Yerokhin V, Pachucki K 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 143001
Google Scholar
[14] Smiciklas M, Shiner D 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 123001
Google Scholar
[15] Borbely J, George M, Lombardi L, Weel M, Fitzakerley D, Hessels E 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 060503
Google Scholar
[16] Giusfredi G, Pastor P C, Natale P D, Mazzotti D, Mauro C d, Fallani L, Hagel G, Krachmalnicoff V, Inguscio M 2005 Can. J. Phys. 83 301
Google Scholar
[17] Zelevinsky T, Farkas D, Gabrielse G 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 203001
Google Scholar
[18] George M, Lombardi L, Hessels E 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 173002
Google Scholar
[19] Sun W, Zhang P P, Zhou P P, Chen S L, Zhou Z Q, Huang Y, Qi X Q, Yan Z C, Shi T Y, Drake G W F, Zhong Z X, Guan H, Gao K L 2023 Phys. Rev. Lett. 131 103002
Google Scholar
[20] Scholl T J, Cameron R, Rosner S D, Zhang L, Holt R A, Sansonetti C J, Gillaspy J D 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 2188
Google Scholar
[21] Schwartz C 1964 Phys. Rev. 134 A1181
Google Scholar
[22] Paliwal P, Deb N, Reich D M, van der Avoird A, Koch C P, Narevicius E 2021 Nat. Chem. 13 94
Google Scholar
[23] Klein A, Shagam Y, Skomorowski W, Zuchowski P S, Pawlak M, Janssen L M, Moiseyev N, Meerakker S Y V D, Avoird A V D, Koch C P, Narevicius E 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 35
Google Scholar
[24] Henson A B, Gersten S, Shagam Y, Narevicius J, Narevicius E 2012 Science 338 234
Google Scholar
[25] Martin D W, Weiser C, Sperlein R F, Bernfeld D L, Siska P E 1989 J. Chem. Phys 90 1564
Google Scholar
[26] Pachucki K, Yerokhin V A 2023 Phys. Rev. Lett. 130 053002
Google Scholar
[27] Yerokhin V A, Patkóš V, Pachucki K 2023 Phys. Rev. A 107 012810
Google Scholar
[28] Patkóš V, Yerokhin V A, Pachucki K 2021 Phys. Rev. A 103 042809
Google Scholar
[29] Pachucki K, Yerokhin V A 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 070403
Google Scholar
[30] Pachucki K, Patkóš V C V, Yerokhin V A 2023 Phys. Rev. A 108 052802
Google Scholar
[31] Yerokhin V A, Patkóš V, Pachucki K 2022 Phys. Rev. A 106 022815
Google Scholar
[32] Pachucki K 2022 Phys. Rev. A 106 022802
Google Scholar
[33] Qi X Q, Zhang P P, Yan Z C, Shi T Y, Drake G W F, Chen A X, Zhong Z X 2023 Phys. Rev. A 107 L010802
Google Scholar
[34] Qi X Q, Zhang P P, Yan Z C, Drake G W F, Zhong Z X, Shi T Y, Chen S L, Huang Y, Guan H, Gao K L 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 183002
Google Scholar
[35] Johnson W R, Cheng K T, Plante D R 1997 Phys. Rev. A 55 2728
Google Scholar
[36] Tang K T, Toennies J P 1984 J. Chem. Phys. 80 3726
Google Scholar
[37] Cheng C F, Jiang W, Yang G M, Sun Y R, Pan H, Gao Y, Liu A W, Hu S M 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 123106
Google Scholar
[38] Kponou A, Hughes V W, Johnson C E, Lewis S A, Pichanick F M J 1981 Phys. Rev. A 24 264
Google Scholar
[39] Scholl T J, Holt R A, Rosner S D 1989 Phys. Rev. A 39 1163
Google Scholar
[40] Chen S L, Liang S Y, Sun W, Huang Y, Guan H, Gao K L 2019 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90 043112
Google Scholar
[41] Bergeson S D, Balakrishnan A, Baldwin K, Lucatorto T B, Marangos J, McIlrath T, O’Brian T R, Rolston S, Sansonetti C J, Wen J 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3475
Google Scholar
[42] Wang J S, Ritterbusch F, Dong X Z, Gao C, Li H, Jiang W, Liu S Y, Lu Z T, Wang W H, Yang G M, Zhang Y S, Zhang Z Y 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 023201
Google Scholar
[43] Steck D A 2017 Quantum and Atom Optics (Eugene: University of Oregon
[44] Baig M 2022 Atoms 10 39
Google Scholar
[45] Chen S L, Zhou P P, Liang S Y, Sun W, Sun H Y, Huang Y, Guan H, Gao K L 2020 Chin. Phys. Lett. 37 073201
Google Scholar
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