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Epoxy resin nanocomposites are widely used in the field of electrical insulation packaging. It is of great significance to regulate the dielectric and insulation properties of composite materials by introducing nano-filler to meet special application requirements. This work proposes a chemical copolymerization method, fluorinated polystyrene nanospheres are synthesized through an addition reaction as filler, and finally the epoxy nanocomposites are prepared. The polystyrene nanospheres have a uniform size and good compatibility with the epoxy resin. The introducing of nanospheres reduces the dielectric constant of the epoxy resin composite material and increases the breakdown strength simultaneously. Although the dielectric loss increases, the composites’ imaginary part remains below 0.04 within 1 MHz frequency. In particular, the fluorinated polystyrene/epoxy composite with a mass fraction of 2% exhibits a decrease in dielectric constant and DC conductivity, while the AC breakdown strength and DC breakdown strength increase by 12.6% and 6%, respectively. The results of the pulse electro-acoustic method indicate that the charge injection of the epoxy resin filled with non-fluorinated polystyrene nanospheres is evident, while the introduction of fluorinated nanospheres significantly reduces the charge injection level. Calculations based on the depolarization process reveal that the introduction of fillers leads to an increase in trap density and depth of energy levels in the composites. Notably, the epoxy resin filled with fluorinated fillers has the deepest trap levels, providing an explanation for the improved insulation breakdown performance. The research can provide guidance for regulating dielectric properties of epoxy composites and material synthesis for the application of electrical insulation packaging . -
Keywords:
- epoxy resin /
- PS nanospheres /
- fluorination /
- dielectric properties
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图 1 PS, F-PS纳米微球及表面C, F元素分布 (a), (b)不同窗口尺寸下的PS纳米微球形貌; (c) PS纳米微球表面C元素分布; (d) PS纳米微球C和F元素含量; (e) F-PS纳米微球形貌; (f), (g) F-PS纳米微球表面C和F元素分布; (h) F-PS纳米微球表面C和F元素含量
Figure 1. PS and F-PS nanospheres and C, F element distribution: (a), (b) Morphology of PS nanospheres at different zoom scale; (c) distribution of C element on the surface of PS nanospheres; (d) the content of C and F elements in PS nanospheres; (e) morphology of F-PS nanospheres; (f), (g) distribution of C and F elements on the surface of F-PS nanospheres; (h) content of C and F elements in F-PS nanospheres.
图 2 氟化前后的PS纳米微球的FT-IR图谱.
Figure 2. FT-IR spectra of PS and F-PS nanospheres.
图 3 (a) Pure EP、(b)填充PS和(c) F-PS纳米微球后环氧树脂复合材料断面形貌
Figure 3. Cross-section morphology of (a) Pure EP, (b) filled with PS, and (c) F-PS nanospheres.
图 4 (a) Pure EP, (b) PS-EP和(c) F-PS-EP的FT-IR图谱
Figure 4. FT-IR spectra of (a) Pure EP, (b) PS-EP, and (c) F-PS-EP composites.
图 5 Pure EP, PS-EP和F-PS-EP在不同场强下的电导率
Figure 5. Conductivity of Pure EP, PS-EP, F-PS-EP composites at different applied electric fields.
图 6 复合材料宽频介电常数(a)实部ε'和虚部ε''; (b) Pure EP, (c) 2% PS-EP和(d) 2% F-PS-EP介电虚部弛豫响应分解
Figure 6. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (a) real part ε' and imaginary part ε'' of composites; the fitting data of broadband dielectric spectroscopy imaginary part ε'' corresponds to (b) Pure EP, (c) 2% PS-EP, (d) 2% F-PS-EP composites.
图 7 Pure EP, PS-EP和F-PS-EP的(a)交流击穿场强、(b)直流击穿场强的韦布尔概率分布和(c)交、直流平均击穿场强
Figure 7. Weibull probability distribution for (a) AC, (b) DC breakdown strength and (c) average AC, DC breakdown strength of Pure EP, PS-EP and F-PS-EP composites.
图 8 (a) Pure EP, (b) 2% PS-EP和(c) 2% F-PS-EP的空间电荷分布随时间的变化; (d) 纯环氧树脂、(e) 2% PS-EP和(f) 2% F-PS-EP的空间电场分布随时间的变化
Figure 8. Space charge distribution of (a) Pure EP, (b) 2% PS-EP, and (c) 2% F-PS-EP with time; space electric field distribution of (d) pure EP, (e) 2% PS-EP, and (f) 2% F-PS-EP with time.
图 9 (a) Pure EP, PS-EP and F-PS-EP平均电荷密度随时间的衰减和(b)陷阱能级
Figure 9. (a) Decay of average charge density with time and (b) trap energy levels in Pure EP, PS-EP, and F-PS-EP.
表 1 Pure EP, PS-EP和F-PS-EP韦布尔概率分布参数
Table 1. Weibull distribution parameters for Pure EP, PS-EP and F-PS-EP.
复合材料 AC DC μ σ μ σ Pure EP 67.45 5.00 187.20 24.63 2% PS-EP 74.00 4.02 190.41 32.18 2% F-PS-EP 75.54 3.99 198.59 25.20 
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[1] Lewis T J 1994 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 1 812
Google Scholar
[2] Wang Y H, Chen Z, Li J, Liu Z X, Chen R, Aung H H, Liang H C, Du B X 2024 IET Nanodielectrics 7 26
Google Scholar
[3] Zheng H B, Li Y H, Luo X Q, Zhang E Z, Jing J X 2023 IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 30 1884
Google Scholar
[4] Shen K D, Zhang X L, Qin H M, Ding C W, Nie X X, Chen D, Fan R, Xiong C X 2024 J. Mater. Sci. -Mater. Electron. 35 21
Google Scholar
[5] 刘秀成, 杨智, 郭浩, 陈颖, 罗向龙, 陈健勇 2023 72 168102
Google Scholar
Liu X C, Yang Z, Guo H, Chen Y, Luo X L, Chen J Y 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 168102
Google Scholar
[6] Dong X D, Wan B Q, Qiu L, Zheng M S, Gao J F, Zha J W 2022 IET Nanodielectrics 6 76
Google Scholar
[7] Abusaleh B A, Elimat Z M, Alzubi R I, Juwhari H K 2023 J. Compos. Sci. 7 254
Google Scholar
[8] 刘曰利, 赵思杰, 陈文, 周静 2022 71 210201
Google Scholar
Liu Y L, Zhao S J, Chen W, Zhou J 2022 Acta Phys. Sin. 71 210201
Google Scholar
[9] 任俊文, 姜国庆, 陈志杰, 魏华超, 赵莉华, 贾申利 2024 73 027703
Google Scholar
Ren J W, Jiang G Q, Chen Z J, Wei H C, Zhao L H, Jia S L 2024 Acta Phys. Sin. 73 027703
Google Scholar
[10] Li M R, Shang K, Zhao J H, Jiang L H, Sun J P, Wang X, Niu H, Feng Y, An Z L, Li S T 2023 ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 5 10226
Google Scholar
[11] Lü F C, Ruan H O, Song J X, Yin K, Zhan Z Y, Jiao Y F, Xie Q 2019 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 52 155201
Google Scholar
[12] Ruan H O, Xie Q, Lü F C, Zhan Z Y, Yan J Y, Hao L C, Zhu Q S 2020 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 53 145204
Google Scholar
[13] 杨国清, 刘阳, 戚相成, 王德意, 王闯, 曾庆文 2021 高电压技术 47 3144
Google Scholar
Yang G Q, Liu Y, Qi X C, Wang D Y, Wang C, Zeng Q W 2021 High Voltage Eng. 47 3144
Google Scholar
[14] Duan Q J, Song Y Z, Shao S, Yin G H, Ruan H O, Xie Q 2023 Plasma Sci. Technol. 25 104004
Google Scholar
[15] Zhang C, Ma Y Y, Kong F, Yan P, Chang C, Shao T 2019 Surf. Coat. Technol. 362 1
Google Scholar
[16] 查俊伟, 查磊军, 郑明胜 2023 72 018401
Google Scholar
Zha J W, Zha L J, Zheng M S 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 018401
Google Scholar
[17] Wei W C, Chen H Q, Zha J W, Zhang Y Y 2023 Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. 17 991
Google Scholar
[18] Liu Y P, Li L, Liu H C, Zhang M J, Liu A J, Liu L, Tang L, Wang G L, Zhou S S 2020 Compos. Sci. Technol. 200 108418
Google Scholar
[19] Liu Y Y, Yao R X, Tong Y J, Lu Y Q, Guo Q Y 2023 Polym. Bull. DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-05120-w
[20] 高铭泽, 张沛红 2016 65 247802
Google Scholar
Gao M Z, Zhang P H 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 247802
Google Scholar
[21] Zhu G, Chen X, Hong Z, Awais M, Paramane A, Wang X, Zhang J Q, Liu W 2022 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 32 1
Google Scholar
[22] Turgeman R, Gershevitz O, Palchik O, Deutsch M, Ocko B M, Gedanken A, Sukenik C N 2004 Cryst. Growth 4 169
Google Scholar
[23] Shang X J, Zhu Y M, Li Z H 2017 Appl. Surf. Sci. 394 169
Google Scholar
[24] Su Y C, Chang F C 2003 Polymer 44 7989
Google Scholar
[25] 陈季丹, 刘子玉 1982 电介质物理学(北京: 机械工业出版社) 第94页
Chen J D, Liu Z Y 1982 Dielectric Physics (Beijing: China Machine Press) p94
[26] Lin Y, Liu Y, Cao B, Xue J, Wang L, Wang J, Ding L 2023 High Voltage 8 283
Google Scholar
[27] 周远翔, 黄猛, 陈维江, 孙清华, 沙彦超, 张灵 2013 高电压技术 39 1304
Google Scholar
Zhou Y X, Huang M, Chen W J, Sun Q H, Sha Y C, Zhang L 2013 High Voltage Eng. 39 1304
Google Scholar
[28] Simmons J G, Tam M C 1973 Phys. Rev. B 7 3706
Google Scholar
[29] Xie Q, Yin G H, Duan Q J, Zhong Y Y, Xie J, Fu K X, Wang P 2023 Polym. Compos. 44 6071
Google Scholar
[30] Chen X, Yu J, Yu L, Zhou H 2018 IEEE Access 7 8226
Google Scholar
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