Low-RCS electromagnetic metasurface antenna based on shared-aperture technique

Li Tong; Yang Huan-Huan; Li Qi; Liao Jia-Wei; Gao Kun; Ji Ke-Feng; Cao Xiang-Yu

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240142

Abstract

In this paper, a novel shared-aperture method of electromagnetic metasurface and antenna is proposed to obtain low radar-cross-section (RCS) performance. In this method, the low-RCS metasurface is first designed, then this metasurface is combined with traditional antenna to obtain novel low-RCS antenna based on shared-aperture technique. Besides, the analysis and corresponding local structure modification are also conducted to ensure that the antenna has good radiation performance while reducing broadband RCS. Using this method, a dual-layer polarization rotation unit cell is first proposed and its broadband working principle is investigated by both theoretical analysis and numerical comparison. Based on this unit cell, a broadband low-RCS metasurface is constructed. Then an initial shared-aperture metasurface antenna is obtained by substituting the middle cells in the metasurface with traditional patch antenna directly. Through careful analysis of surface current in radiation mode, the gain decrease of this metasurface antenna is revealed. On this basis, a finite removal strategy is put forward and some metasurface cells in the antenna are removed by using the electric current analysis. Consequently, an improved shared-aperture metasurface antenna is proposed. This improved antenna works in a frequency range from 6.3 to 7.48 GHz, which is slightly wider than the traditional patch antenna. Its gain is also higher than that of traditional antenna, with a maximum improvement of 1 dB. Meanwhile, the apparent RCS decreases from 6 to 16 GHz for any polarized incident wave, and the reduction peak is larger than 20 dB. Finally, fabrications and measurements are conducted. The measurement results and numerical calculations are in good agreement. The well-behaved radiation performance and broadband low-RCS property of this metasurface antenna verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Unlike most of reported design methods of low-RCS antennas directly from traditional antennas, the proposed method adopts reverse thinking to transform scattering optimization into radiation optimization, realizing the integration between metasurface and antenna, thus making low-RCS antenna design easier and faster.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Information and Navigation College of Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710077, China
2.
System Innovation Center of China Academy of Space Technology, Xi’an 710100, China

Corresponding author: Yang Huan-Huan, jianye8901@126.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62371466, 62171460, 62203464), the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant Nos. 2024JC-ZDXM-39, 20220104, 2020022), and the Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave (Grant No. HTKJ2022KL504004).

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References

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[2]	Cui T 2017 J. Opt. 19 084004 Google Scholar
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[19]	Zhang Z C, Huang M, Chen Y K, Qu S W, Hu J, Yang S W 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 7927 Google Scholar
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[22]	Liu Y, Liu Z S, Wang Q, Jia Y T 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 8955 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 极化旋转表面　(a) 单元透视图; (b) 单元俯视图; (c) 表面俯视图

Figure 1. Polarization rotation metasurface: (a) Perspective view; (b) top view of unit cell; (c) top view of proposed surface.

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图 2 极化旋转表面性能　(a) 单元反射幅度; (b) 单元反射性能分析; (c) 电流分析; (d) 表面单站RCS

Figure 2. Performance of proposed polarization conversion metasurface: (a) Reflection amplitude of uint cell; (b) reflection performance analysis of unit cell; (c) surface current analysis; (d) RCS of proposed surface.

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图 3 超构表面与天线共享孔径设计流程　(a) 超构表面; (b) 传统天线; (c) 共享孔径天线1; (d) 共享孔径天线2

Figure 3. Shared aperture of metasurface and antenna: (a) Metasurface; (b) conventional antenna; (c) shared-aperture antenna 1; (d) shared-aperture antenna 2.

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图 4 传统天线与共享孔径天线1的辐射性能对比　(a) 反射系数; (b) 增益

Figure 4. Radiation performance comparison of shared-aperture antenna 1 with conventional antenna: (a) Reflection coefficient; (b) gain.

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图 5 天线表面电流分析　(a), (d) 传统天线; (b), (e) 共享孔径天线1; (c), (f) 共享孔径天线2

Figure 5. Surface current analysis: (a), (d) Conventional antenna; (b), (e) shared-aperture antenna 1; (c), (f) shared-aperture antenna 2

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 天线辐射性能对比　(a) 反射系数; (b) 增益; (c)—(f) 三维辐射方向图, 其中(c), (e) 传统天线, (d), (f) 共享孔径天线2; (g), (h) 二维辐射方向图

Figure 6. Radiation performance comparison of the antennas: (a) Reflection coefficient; (b) gain; (c)–(f) 3D radiation patterns, (c), (e) conventional antenna, (d), (f) shared-aperture antenna 2; (g), (h) 2D radiation patterns.

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图 7 天线RCS对比　(a) x极化; (b) y极化

Figure 7. RCS comparison of the antennas: (a) x polarization; (b) y polarization.

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图 8 天线散射方向图对比　(a)—(d) 传统天线; (e)—(h) 共享孔径天线2

Figure 8. Scattering patterns comparison of the antennas: (a)–(d) Conventional antenna; (e)–(h) shared-aperture antenna 2.

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图 9 斜入射下天线双站RCS对比　(a) θ_inc = 30°, φ_inc = 0°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 180°; (b) θ_inc = 30°, φ_inc = 90°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 270°; (c) θ_inc = 30°, φ_inc = 315°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 135°; (d) θ_inc = 60°, φ_inc = 0°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 180°; (e) θ_inc = 60°, φ_inc = 90°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 270°; (f) θ_inc = 60°, φ_inc = 315°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 135°

Figure 9. Bistatic RCS under different polarized oblique incidences: (a) θ_inc = 30°, φ_inc = 0°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 180°; (b) θ_inc = 30°, φ_inc = 90°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 270°; (c) θ_inc = 30°, φ_inc = 315°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 135°; (d) θ_inc = 60°, φ_inc = 0°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 180°; (e) θ_inc = 60°, φ_inc = 90°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 270°; (f) θ_inc = 60°, φ_inc = 315°, θ_sca = 30°, φ_sca = 135°.

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图 10 天线样件实物　(a) 传统天线; (b) 共享孔径天线2

Figure 10. Picture of fabricated antennas: (a) Conventional antenna; (b) shared-aperture antenna 2.

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图 11 实测天线的|S₁₁|曲线

Figure 11. Measured |S₁₁| of fabricated antennas.

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图 12 6.7 GHz实测天线方向图　(a) E面; (b) H面

Figure 12. Measured radiation patterns at 6.7 GHz: (a) E plane; (b) H plane.

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图 13 共享孔径天线2单站RCS减缩曲线

Figure 13. Monostatic RCS reduction of shared-aperture antenna 2.

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表 1 本文设计共享孔径天线2与已有文献天线比较

Table 1. Comparison of shared-aperture antenna 2 in this work and antennas in previous work.

对象	设计思路	设计方法	尺寸增加	辐射带宽拓宽	增益提升	带内/带外RCS减缩	设计复杂度
[23]	辐射→低散射	加载超表面	是	否	否	仅带外	低
[32]	辐射→低散射	加载超表面	是	是	否	带内+带外	低
[28]	辐射散射一体	激励超表面	否	否	否	带内	高
[30]	辐射散射一体	激励超表面	否	否	否	带内+带外	高
[29]	低散射→辐射	激励超表面	否	是	是	带内+带外	高
[31]	低散射→辐射	激励超表面	—	是	是	带内+带外	高
本文	低散射→辐射	共享孔径	否	是	是	带内+带外	低

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[1]	Yu N F, Genevet P, Kats M A, Aieta F, Tetienne J P, Capasso F, Gaburro Z 2011 Science 334 333 Google Scholar
[2]	Cui T 2017 J. Opt. 19 084004 Google Scholar
[3]	Li T, Yang H H, Li Q, Zhu X W, Cao X Y, Gao J, Wu Z B 2019 IET Microwaves Antennas Propag. 13 185 Google Scholar
[4]	Li T, Yang H H, Li Q, Tian J H, Gao K, Li S J, Cao X Y 2024 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 23 1206 Google Scholar
[5]	Zhao B, Huang C, Yang J N, Song J K, Guan C L, Luo X G 2020 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 19 982 Google Scholar
[6]	Dhumal A, Mahesh S B, Bhardwaj A, Saikia M, Malik S, Srivastava K V 2023 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 65 96 Google Scholar
[7]	Ghosh S, Ghosh J, Singh M S, Sarkhel A 2023 IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Express Briefs 70 76 Google Scholar
[8]	Xi Y, Jiang W, Wei K, Hong T, Gong S X 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71 422 Google Scholar
[9]	Yu J, Jiang W, Gong S X 2020 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 19 1058 Google Scholar
[10]	Wang C, Li Y F, Feng M C, Wang J F, Ma H, Zhang J Q, Qu S B 2019 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 67 6508 Google Scholar
[11]	Huang C, Pan W B, Ma X L, Luo X G 2016 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 15 448 Google Scholar
[12]	Chen K, Feng Y J, Monticone F, Zhao J M, Zhu B, Jiang T, Zhang L, Kim Y, Ding X M, Zhang S, Alu A, Qiu C W 2017 Adv. Mater. 29 1606422 Google Scholar
[13]	Ha T D, Zhu L, AlSaab N, Chen P Y, Guo J L 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71 67 Google Scholar
[14]	Zhang T Z, Pang X Y, Zhang H, Zheng Q 2023 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 22 665 Google Scholar
[15]	Li T, Yang H H, Li Q, Jidi L R, Cao X Y, Gao J 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 5325 Google Scholar
[16]	Yang H H, Cao X Y, Yang F, Gao J, Xu S H, Li M, Chen X B, Zhao Y, Zheng Y J, Li S J 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 35692 Google Scholar
[17]	冯奎胜, 李娜, 杨欢欢 2021 70 194101 Google Scholar Feng K S, Li N, Yang H H 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 194101 Google Scholar
[18]	Liu T, Cao X Y, Gao J, Zheng Q Y, Li W Q, Yang H H 2013 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 61 1479 Google Scholar
[19]	Zhang Z C, Huang M, Chen Y K, Qu S W, Hu J, Yang S W 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 7927 Google Scholar
[20]	Tan Y, Yuan N, Yang Y, Fu Y Q 2011 Electron Lett. 47 582 Google Scholar
[21]	Zheng Y J, Gao J, Cao X Y, Yuan Z D, Yang H H 2015 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 14 1582 Google Scholar
[22]	Liu Y, Liu Z S, Wang Q, Jia Y T 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 8955 Google Scholar
[23]	Liu J, Li J Y, Chen Z N 2022 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 70 3834 Google Scholar
[24]	Yao W, Gao H T, Tian Y, Wu J, Guo L Y, Huang X J 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71 5663 Google Scholar
[25]	Liu Y, Jia Y T, Zhang W B, Li F 2020 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 68 3644 Google Scholar
[26]	Zhu L, Sun J W, Hao Z Y, Kuai X L, Zhang H H, Cao Q S 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 22 975 Google Scholar
[27]	Guo Q X, Chen Q, Su J X, Li Z R 2024 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 23 768 Google Scholar
[28]	Yang H H, Li T, Xu L M, Cao X Y, Jidi L R, Guo Z X, Li P, Gao J 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 1239 Google Scholar
[29]	Yang H H, Li T, Jidi L R, Gao K, Li Q, Qiao J X, Li S J, Cao X Y, Cui T J 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71 4075 Google Scholar
[30]	Wang P F, Jia Y T, Hu W Y, Liu Y, Lei H Y, Sun H B, Cui T J 2023 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 71 5626 Google Scholar
[31]	Ren J Y, Jiang W, Gong S X 2018 IEEE Microwaves Antennas Propag. 12 1793 Google Scholar
[32]	Jia Y T, Liu T, Zhang W B, Wang J, Liao G S 2018 IEEE Access 6 23561 Google Scholar

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