Impact parameter dependence of photon-photon interactions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Yang Shuai; Tang Ze-Bo; Yang Chi; Zha Wang-Mei

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20230948

Abstract

The Lorentz-boosted electromagnetic fields surrounding relativistic heavy ions with large charges can be treated as a flux of linearly polarized quasireal photons, which can interact via the photon-photon scattering to produce lepton antilepton pairs. Those photon-photon interactions can happen even in heavy-ion collisions with hadronic overlap, making an opportunity to probe the electromagnetic properties of the produced deconfined quark-gluon plasma. In this paper, we review the recent experimental progress of the impact parameter dependent photon-photon interactions in heavy-ion collisions, and discuss their essential role in probing the possible electromagnetic properties of quark-gluon plasma produced in hadronic heavy-ion collisions.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Institute of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation, Ministry of Education, Institute of Frontier andInterdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China

Corresponding author: Yang Shuai, syang@scnu.edu.cn ; Tang Ze-Bo, zbtang@ustc.edu.cn ; Yang Chi, chiyang@sdu.edu.cn ; Zha Wang-Mei, first@ustc.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11890713, 12005220, 12075139, 12175223, 12275091) and the Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province, China (Grant Nos. 2020B0301030008, 2023A1515010416).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 超周边重离子碰撞中光子-光子相互作用(a)和光子-原子核相互作用(b)示意图

Figure 1. Schematic plot of photon-photon (a) and photon-nuclear (b) interactions in ultra-peripheral heavy-ion collisions.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 60%—80%金核-金核和铀核-铀核碰撞中心度事例中不同质量区间正负电子对的横动量分布^[33]

Figure 2. The $ {\rm{e}}^+{\rm{e}}^- $ pair $ p_{\rm{T}} $ distributions for different mass regions in 60%–80% Au + Au and U + U collisions compared to cocktails^[33].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 60%—80% (a) 和40%—60% (b)金核-金核和铀核-铀核碰撞中心度事例中低横动量($ p_{\rm{T}} < $ 0.15 GeV/c)正负电子对的不变质量增强谱; (c) 金核-金核和铀核-铀核碰撞中不同质量区间增强产额对碰撞中心度的依赖^[33]

Figure 3. The low-$ p_{\rm{T}} $ ($ p_{\rm{T}} < $0.15 GeV/c) $ {\rm{e}}^+{\rm{e}}^- $ excess mass spectra in 60%–80% (a) and 40%–60% (b) Au + Au and U + U collisions; (c) centrality dependence of integrated excess yields in three different mass regions in Au + Au and U + U collisions^[33].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 铅核-铅核碰撞中不同中心度下光子-光子相互作用产生正负缪子对的α分布, 每个分布在其测量范围内进行归一处理^[31]

Figure 4. The centrality dependence of α distributions from $ \gamma\gamma\rightarrow{\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ in Pb + Pb collisions. The α distributions are normalized to unity over their measured ranges^[31].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 gEPA和QED方法计算的5.02 TeV铅核-铅核碰撞中不同中心度下源自光子-光子相互作用的正负缪子对的α分布^[37]

Figure 5. The α distributions calculated by gEPA and QED approaches for $ \gamma\gamma\rightarrow{\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ in Pb + Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = $ 5.02 TeV for different centrality classes^[37].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 $ 0 {\rm{n}}0 {\rm{n}} $, $ 0 {\rm{n}}Y{\rm{n}} $, $ Y{\rm{n}}Y{\rm{n }}$, (其中$ Y \geqslant 1 $)对应的碰撞参数范围^[8]

Figure 6. The impact parameter dependence of the $ 0 {\rm{n}}0 {\rm{n}} $, $ Y{\rm{n}}0{\rm{ n }}$, $ Y{\rm{n}}Y{\rm{n }}$ ($ Y \geqslant 1 $) neutron emission scenarios from the STARlight model^[8]

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 位于CMS两边零度角量能器的能量谱关联(a)和位于负快度方向零度角量能器的能量谱分布(b)^[35]

Figure 7. The left panel shows the correlation between energy distributions of the Minus and Plus ZDC detectors, while the right panel shows a multi-Gaussian function fit to the Minus ZDC energy distribution^[35].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 5.02 TeV铅核-铅核超周边碰撞中不同前向中子多重数下正负缪子对的α分布^[35]

Figure 8. Neutron multiplicity dependence of α distributions from $ \gamma\gamma\rightarrow{\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. The α distributions are normalized to unity integral over their measured ranges^[35].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 5.02 TeV铅核-铅核超周边碰撞中正负缪子对的$ \langle \alpha^\text{core} \rangle $对前向中子多重数的依赖^[35]

Figure 9. Neutron multiplicity dependence of $ \langle \alpha^\text{core} \rangle $ of $ {\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ in ultra-peripheral Pb + Pb collisions^[35].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 5.02 TeV铅核-铅核超周边碰撞中正负缪子对的$ \langle m_{{\text{μ}}{\text{μ}}} \rangle $对前向中子多重数的依赖^[35]

Figure 10. Neutron multiplicity dependence of $ \langle m_{{\text{μ}}{\text{μ}}} \rangle $ of ${\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ in ultra-peripheral Pb + Pb collisions^[35].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 3个具有不对称中子数的前向中子多重数事例中光致产生的正负缪子对的α分布^[35]

Figure 11. Acoplanarity distributions of $ \gamma\gamma \rightarrow {\text{μ}}^+{\text{μ}}^- $ events for three different neutron multiplicity classes with asymmetric neutron numbers^[35].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 预计STAR于2023至2025年在200 GeV金核-金核偏心和超周边碰撞中测量$ \gamma\gamma \rightarrow {\rm{e}}^+{\rm{e}}^- $物理过程可达到的精度^[38]

Figure 12. Projection for measurements of the $ \gamma\gamma \rightarrow {\rm{e}}^+{\rm{e}}^- $ process in peripheral and ultra-peripheral Au + Au collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = $ 200 GeV^[38].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	Fermi E 1924 Z. Phys. 29 315 Google Scholar
[2]	Williams E J 1934 Phys. Rev. 45 729 Google Scholar
[3]	Weizsacker C F von 1934 Z. Phys. 88 612 Google Scholar
[4]	Bertulani C A, Baur G 1988 Phys. Rep. 163 299 Google Scholar
[5]	Baur G, Hencken K, Trautmann D, Sadovsky S, Kharlov Y 2002 Phys. Rep. 364 359 Google Scholar
[6]	Bertulani C A, Klein S R, Nystrand J 2005 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 55 271 Google Scholar
[7]	Baltz A J, Baur G, d’Enterria D, Frankfurt L, Gelis F, Guzey V, Hencken K, Kharlov Y, Klasen M, Klein S R, Nikulin V, Nystrand J, Pshenichnov I A, Sadovsky S, Scapparone E, Seger J, Strikman M, Tverskoy M, Vogt R, White S N, Wiedemann U A, Yepes P, Zhalov M 2008 Phys. Rep. 458 1 Google Scholar
[8]	Klein S R, Steinberg P 2020 Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 70 323 Google Scholar
[9]	Baur G, Hencken K, Trautmann D 2007 Phys. Rep. 453 1 Google Scholar
[10]	STAR Collaboration 2004 Phys. Rev. C 70 031902 Google Scholar
[11]	STAR Collaboration 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 052302 Google Scholar
[12]	PHENIX Collaboration 2009 Phys. Lett. B 679 321 Google Scholar
[13]	ALICE Collaboration 2013 Eur. Phys. J. C 73 2617 Google Scholar
[14]	CMS Collaboration 2019 Phys. Lett. B 797 134826 Google Scholar
[15]	ATLAS Collaboration 2017 Nat. Phys. 13 852 Google Scholar
[16]	ATLAS Collaboration 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 052001 Google Scholar
[17]	Bruce R, d'Enterria D, d’Roeck A, Drewes M, Farrar G R, Giammanco A, Gould O, Hajer J, Harland-Lang L, Heisig J, Jowett J M, Kabana S, Krintiras G K, Korsmeier M, Lucente M, Milhano G, Mukherjee S, Niedziela J, Okorokov V A, Rajantie A, Schaumann M 2020 J. Phys. G 47 060501 Google Scholar
[18]	STAR Collaboration 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 272302 Google Scholar
[19]	CMS Collaboration 2019 Eur. Phys. J. C 79 277 Google Scholar
[20]	CMS Collaboration 2023 arXiv: 2303.16984 [nucl-ex
[21]	CMS Collaboration 2023 Phys. Rev. Lett. 131 051901 Google Scholar
[22]	STAR Collaboration 2017 Phys. Rev. C 96 054904 Google Scholar
[23]	STAR Collaboration 2023 Sci. Adv. 9 eabq3903 Google Scholar
[24]	ALICE Collaboration 2013 Phys. Lett. B 718 1273 Google Scholar
[25]	ALICE Collaboration 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 232504 Google Scholar
[26]	ALICE Collaboration 2019 Phys. Lett. B 798 134926 Google Scholar
[27]	ALICE Collaboration 2021 Phys. Lett. B 817 136280 Google Scholar
[28]	ALICE Collaboration 2023 arXiv: 2305.06169 [nucl-ex
[29]	CMS Collaboration 2017 Phys. Lett. B 772 489 Google Scholar
[30]	ALICE Collaboration 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 222301 Google Scholar
[31]	ATLAS Collaboration 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 212301 Google Scholar
[32]	ATLAS Collaboration 2023 Phys. Rev. C 107 054907 Google Scholar
[33]	STAR Collaboration 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 132301 Google Scholar
[34]	STAR Collaboration 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 132302 Google Scholar
[35]	CMS Collaboration 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 122001 Google Scholar
[36]	ATLAS Collaboration 2021 Phys. Rev. C 104 024906 Google Scholar
[37]	Zha W, Brandenburg J D, Tang Z, Xu Z 2020 Phys. Lett. B 800 135089 Google Scholar
[38]	Brandenburg J D, Zha W, Xu Z 2021 Eur. Phys. J. A 57 299 Google Scholar
[39]	Li C, Zhou J, Zhou Y 2019 Phys. Lett. B 795 576 Google Scholar
[40]	Li C, Zhou J, Zhou Y 2020 Phys. Rev. D 101 034015 Google Scholar
[41]	Klein S, Mueller A H, Xiao B, Yuan F 2020 Phys. Rev. D 102 094013 Google Scholar
[42]	Xiao B, Yuan F, Zhou J 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 232301 Google Scholar
[43]	Wang R, Pu S, Wang Q 2021 Phys. Rev. D 104 056011 Google Scholar
[44]	Wang R, Lin S, Pu S, Zhang Y, Wang Q 2022 Phys. Rev. D 106 034025 Google Scholar
[45]	浦实, 肖博文, 周剑, 周雅瑾 2023 72 072503 Google Scholar PU S, Xiao B, Zhou J, Zhou Y 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 072503 Google Scholar
[46]	Rapp R 2013 Adv. High Energy Phys. 2013 148253
[47]	Zha W, Ruan L, Tang Z, Xu Z, Yang S 2018 Phys. Lett. B 781 182 Google Scholar
[48]	Klein S R 2018 Phys. Rev. C 97 054903 Google Scholar
[49]	Berman B L, Fultz S C 1975 Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 713 Google Scholar
[50]	Klein S R, Nystrand J, Seger J, Gorbunov Y, Butterworth J 2017 Comput. Phys. Commun. 212 258 Google Scholar
[51]	Brandenburg J D, Li W, Ruan L, Tang Z, Xu Z, Yang S, Zha W 2020 arXiv: 2006.07365 [hep-ph

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