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Rydberg atom can respond to weak microwave electric field signal in real-time by using its electromagnetically induced transparency effect to realize down conversion of space microwave electric field signal, which can be used as a superheterodyne receiver. The Rydberg atom superheterodyne receiver is a new receiving system composed of Rydberg atoms, photodetectors, and electronic information processing modules. Presently, the physical response mechanism of Rydberg atomic superheterodyne receiving technology is studied in depth. However, no complete receiving link analysis model has been established, which is not conducive to optimizing its system performance. Based on the physical mechanism of the Rydberg atom responding to the microwave electric field, this paper introduces the concept of intrinsic expansion coefficient, establishes and experimentally verifies the receiving link model of the Rydberg atom superheterodyne receiver, and briefly discusses the influence of the intrinsic expansion coefficient on the system sensitivity and response characteristics, thereby providing the theoretical guidance for optimizing the performance of the Rydberg atom superheterodyne receiving system. In the end, the Rydberg atomic and the electronic receiving links' sensitivity performance is discussed and compared.
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Keywords:
- Rydberg atoms /
- intrinsic expansion coefficient /
- receiving link /
- microwave electric field
[1] Anderson D A, Sapiro R E, Raithel G 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 2455
Google Scholar
[2] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Haddab A H, Gordon J A, Anderson D A, Raithel G, Voran S D 2021 IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 63 63
Google Scholar
[3] Song Z F, Liu H P, Liu X C, Zhang W F, Zou H Y, Zhang J, Qu J F 2019 Opt. Express 27 8848
Google Scholar
[4] Meyer D H, Cox K C, Fatemi F K, Kunz P D 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 211108
Google Scholar
[5] Zou H Y, Song Z F, Mu H H, Feng Z G, Qu J F, Wang Q L 2020 Appl. Sci. -Basel 10 1346
Google Scholar
[6] Deb A B, Kjaergaard N 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 211106
Google Scholar
[7] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Novotny, D 2019 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 18 1853
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[8] Simons M T, Haddab A H, Gordon J A, Novotny D, Holloway C L 2019 IEEE Access 7 164975
Google Scholar
[9] Meyer D H, Kunz P D, Cox K C 2021 Phys. Rev. Appl. 15 014047
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[10] Robinson A K, Prajapati N, Senic D, Simons M T, Holloway C L 2021 Appl. Phys. Lett. 118 114001
Google Scholar
[11] Mao R Q, Lin Y, Yang K, An Q, Fu Y Q 2018 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. Early Access
[12] Holloway C L, Gordon J A, Jefferts S, Schwarzkopf A, Anderson D A, Miller S A, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 6169
Google Scholar
[13] Thaicharoen N, Moore K R, Anderson D A, Powel R C, Peterson E, Raithel G 2019 Phys. Rev. A 100 063427
Google Scholar
[14] Holloway C L, Gordon J A, Schwarzkopf A, Anderson D A, Miller S A, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 244102
Google Scholar
[15] Kumar S, Fan H, Kübler H, Jahangiri A J, Shaffer J P 2017 Opt. Express 25 8625
Google Scholar
[16] 廖开宇, 涂海涛, 张新定, 颜辉, 朱诗亮 2021 中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学 51 14
Liao K Y, Tu H T, Zhang X D, Yan H, Zhu S L 2021 Sci. Chin. -Phys. Mech. Astron. 51 14
[17] Liao K Y, Tu H T, Yang S Z, Chen C J, Liu X H, Liang J, Zhang X D, Yan H, Zhu S L 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 053432
Google Scholar
[18] Jing M, Hu Y, Ma J, Zhang H, Zhang L J, Xiao L T, Jia S T. 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 911
Google Scholar
[19] Cai M H, Xu Z S, You S H, Liu H P 2022 Photonics 9 250
Google Scholar
[20] Sedlacek J. A, Schwettmann A, Kübler H, Shaffer 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 063001
Google Scholar
[21] Bussey L W, Winterburn A, Menchetti M, Burton F, Whitley T 2021 J. Lightwave Technol. 39 7813
Google Scholar
[22] Simons M T, Haddab A H, Gordon J A, Holloway C L 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 114101
Google Scholar
[23] Anderson D A, Paradis E G, Raithel G 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 113 073501
Google Scholar
[24] Sapiro R E, Raithel G A, Anderson D 2020 J. Phys. B:At. , Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 094003
Google Scholar
[25] Meyer D H, O'Brien C, Fahey D P, Cox K C, Kunz P D 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 043103
Google Scholar
[26] Fancher C T, Scherer D R, John MCS, Schmittbergermarlow B 2021 IEEE Trans. Quantum Eng. 2 3501313
Google Scholar
[27] Wu B, Lin Y, Liu Y, An Q, Liao D W, Fu Y Q 2022 Electron. Lett. 58 914
Google Scholar
[28] Holloway C L, Prajapati N, Artusio-Glimpse A, Samuel B, Matthew T S, Yoshiaki K, Andrea A, Richard W Z 2022 Appl. Phys. Lett 120 204001
Google Scholar
[29] Gabriel S B, Shane V, Eric B, Zoya P 2022 arXiv: 2209.00908 [hep-ph]
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图 1 里德堡原子超外差接收机的架构
Figure 1. Block diagram of Rydberg atomic superheterodyne receiver.
图 2 里德堡原子对微波信号的响应机理
Figure 2. Response mechanism of Rydberg atom to microwave signal.
图 3 里德堡原子超外差接收机对微波待测信号接收的流程
Figure 3. The process of receiving microwave signal to be measured by Rydberg atomic .superheterodyne receiver.
图 4 实验系统框图
Figure 4. Block Diagram of Experimental System.
图 5 信号源发射功率与里德堡原子响应的微波拉比频率关系 (a) 微波参考信号; (b) 微波待测信号
Figure 5. Relationship between the emission power and the microwave Rabi frequency: (a) Microwave reference signal; (b) microwave signal to be measured.
图 6 信号源设置功率与信号分析仪读取功率关系
Figure 6. Relationship between the emission power and the power read by the signal analyzer.
图 7 采用Voigt曲线对实验所得EIT-AT分裂光谱曲线进行拟合
Figure 7. Fitting the experimental EIT-AT split spectrum curve with Voigt curves.
图 8 里德堡原子超外差接收机系统噪底
Figure 8. The system noise floor of Rydberg atomic superheterodyne receiver.
图 9 不同内禀增益系数对探测光透射功率波动大小的影响
Figure 9. The influence of expansion coefficient on the fluctuation of transmission power of probe laser.
图 10 内禀增益系数和里德堡原子接收机系统灵敏度之间的关系
Figure 10. Relationship between the expansion coefficient and sensitivity of the Rydberg atomic receiving system.
图 11 不同内禀增益系数对线性特性的影响
Figure 11. The influence of expansion coefficient on linear characteristic.
图 12 ΩAC和PTAC FFT结果之间的关系 (a) ΩAC1 vs PTAC1; (b) ΩAC2 vs PTAC2
Figure 12. Relationship between ΩAC and FFT results of PTAC: (a) ΩAC1 vs PTAC1; (b) ΩAC2 vs PTAC2.
表 1 计算得到的κ, C1, 以及C4–2与C1之间的误差值
Table 1. Calculated κ, C1, and the error between C4–2 and C1.
κ
/(10–13 W·Hz–1)C1
/(10–4 A2·m2·W–1)C4–2 – C1
/(10–5 A2·m2·W–1)|(C4–2 – C1)/C1|
/%8.793 1.5090 –0.7823 5.18 8.924 1.5543 –1.2353 7.95 8.256 1.3303 1.0045 7.55 8.360 1.3640 0.6673 4.89 8.315 1.3494 0.8137 6.03 
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[1] Anderson D A, Sapiro R E, Raithel G 2021 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 69 2455
Google Scholar
[2] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Haddab A H, Gordon J A, Anderson D A, Raithel G, Voran S D 2021 IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 63 63
Google Scholar
[3] Song Z F, Liu H P, Liu X C, Zhang W F, Zou H Y, Zhang J, Qu J F 2019 Opt. Express 27 8848
Google Scholar
[4] Meyer D H, Cox K C, Fatemi F K, Kunz P D 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 211108
Google Scholar
[5] Zou H Y, Song Z F, Mu H H, Feng Z G, Qu J F, Wang Q L 2020 Appl. Sci. -Basel 10 1346
Google Scholar
[6] Deb A B, Kjaergaard N 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 112 211106
Google Scholar
[7] Holloway C L, Simons M T, Gordon J A, Novotny, D 2019 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 18 1853
Google Scholar
[8] Simons M T, Haddab A H, Gordon J A, Novotny D, Holloway C L 2019 IEEE Access 7 164975
Google Scholar
[9] Meyer D H, Kunz P D, Cox K C 2021 Phys. Rev. Appl. 15 014047
Google Scholar
[10] Robinson A K, Prajapati N, Senic D, Simons M T, Holloway C L 2021 Appl. Phys. Lett. 118 114001
Google Scholar
[11] Mao R Q, Lin Y, Yang K, An Q, Fu Y Q 2018 IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. Early Access
[12] Holloway C L, Gordon J A, Jefferts S, Schwarzkopf A, Anderson D A, Miller S A, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 62 6169
Google Scholar
[13] Thaicharoen N, Moore K R, Anderson D A, Powel R C, Peterson E, Raithel G 2019 Phys. Rev. A 100 063427
Google Scholar
[14] Holloway C L, Gordon J A, Schwarzkopf A, Anderson D A, Miller S A, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 244102
Google Scholar
[15] Kumar S, Fan H, Kübler H, Jahangiri A J, Shaffer J P 2017 Opt. Express 25 8625
Google Scholar
[16] 廖开宇, 涂海涛, 张新定, 颜辉, 朱诗亮 2021 中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学 51 14
Liao K Y, Tu H T, Zhang X D, Yan H, Zhu S L 2021 Sci. Chin. -Phys. Mech. Astron. 51 14
[17] Liao K Y, Tu H T, Yang S Z, Chen C J, Liu X H, Liang J, Zhang X D, Yan H, Zhu S L 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 053432
Google Scholar
[18] Jing M, Hu Y, Ma J, Zhang H, Zhang L J, Xiao L T, Jia S T. 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 911
Google Scholar
[19] Cai M H, Xu Z S, You S H, Liu H P 2022 Photonics 9 250
Google Scholar
[20] Sedlacek J. A, Schwettmann A, Kübler H, Shaffer 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 063001
Google Scholar
[21] Bussey L W, Winterburn A, Menchetti M, Burton F, Whitley T 2021 J. Lightwave Technol. 39 7813
Google Scholar
[22] Simons M T, Haddab A H, Gordon J A, Holloway C L 2019 Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 114101
Google Scholar
[23] Anderson D A, Paradis E G, Raithel G 2018 Appl. Phys. Lett. 113 073501
Google Scholar
[24] Sapiro R E, Raithel G A, Anderson D 2020 J. Phys. B:At. , Mol. Opt. Phys. 53 094003
Google Scholar
[25] Meyer D H, O'Brien C, Fahey D P, Cox K C, Kunz P D 2021 Phys. Rev. A 104 043103
Google Scholar
[26] Fancher C T, Scherer D R, John MCS, Schmittbergermarlow B 2021 IEEE Trans. Quantum Eng. 2 3501313
Google Scholar
[27] Wu B, Lin Y, Liu Y, An Q, Liao D W, Fu Y Q 2022 Electron. Lett. 58 914
Google Scholar
[28] Holloway C L, Prajapati N, Artusio-Glimpse A, Samuel B, Matthew T S, Yoshiaki K, Andrea A, Richard W Z 2022 Appl. Phys. Lett 120 204001
Google Scholar
[29] Gabriel S B, Shane V, Eric B, Zoya P 2022 arXiv: 2209.00908 [hep-ph]
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