基于里德堡原子的电场测量

黄巍; 梁振涛; 杜炎雄; 颜辉; 朱诗亮

doi:10.7498/aps.64.160702

摘要

里德堡原子具有大的极化率、低的场电离阈值和大的电偶极矩,对外部电磁场十分敏感,可以用来测量电场强度特别是微波电场的强度. 利用里德堡原子的量子干涉效应(电磁诱导透明和Autler-Townes效应)测量微波电场强度的灵敏度远高于传统采用偶极天线测量微波电场的灵敏度. 此外,里德堡原子电场计可以溯源到标准物理量,不需要额外校准; 采用玻璃探头,对待测电场干扰少; 灵敏度也不依赖于探头的物理尺寸. 同时,该电场计还可以实现对微波电场的偏振方向的测量, 实现亚波长和近场区域电场成像与测量. 通过选择不同的里德堡能级,可以实现1-500 GHz超宽频段范围内微波电场强度的测量. 主要综述基于里德堡原子的电场精密测量研究, 详细介绍了里德堡原子电场计的原理与实验进展, 并简单讨论了其发展方向.

关键词:

Abstract

Atom in Rydberg state has large polarizability, large electric dipole and low ionization threshold field. It is very sensitive to electric field, therefore it can be used to measure the amplitude of electric field, especially the microwave electric field. The new developed scheme is based on quantum interference effects (electromagnetically induced transparency and Autler-Townes splitting) in Rydberg atoms. Instead of the direct amplitude measurement, this method tests the Rabi frequency value of the transmission spectrum which is determined by the microwave electric field strength and the corresponding atom nature. The minimum measured strengths of microwave electric fields are far below the standard values obtained by traditional antenna methods. Compared with the traditional methods, this new scheme has several advantages, such as self-calibration, non-perturbation to the measured field and independence of the probe length. Besides, this scheme can also be used to measure the polarization direction of microwave electric field and realize sub-wavelength imaging. Through adjusting the wavelength of coupling laser, a broadband 1-500 GHz microwave electric field measurement can be achieved. This new scheme is benefitial to conducting the continue electric field measurement and the miniaturization of the test equipment. In this paper, the researches about using Rydberg atom to measure electric field with high precision are reviewed. The basic theory and experimental techniques are introduced. Finally, we discuss a promising method of using Rydberg atom interferometer to detect the accumulated phase in the process of interaction between electric field and Rydberg atoms. This method converts amplitude measurement into phase test, which may improve the precision and sensitivity.

Keywords:

Rydberg atom /
electric field measurement /
electromagnetically induced transparency /
Autler-Townes effect

作者及机构信息

1.
华南师范大学物理与电信工程学院, 广东省量子调控工程与材料重点实验室, 广州 510006;

2.
南京大学物理学院, 固体微结构物理国家重点实验室, 南京 210093

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(批准号: 11474107, 11125417)、广东省自然科学杰出青年基金(批准号: 2014A030306012)、广东省高等学校优秀青年教师培养计划 (批准号: Yq2013050)、广州市珠江科技新星(批准号: 2014010)、教育部长江学者创新团队(批准号: IRT1243)、广东省普通高校青年创新人才项目、华南师范大学青年教师科研培育基金(批准号: 14KJ04)和华南师范大学研究生科研创新基金(批准号: 2014ssxm12)资助的课题.

Authors and contacts

1.
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;

2.
National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11474107, 11125417), the Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2014A030306012), the Project for Outstanding Young Teachers in Higher Education of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. Yq2013050), the Zhujiang Nova Program of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2014010), the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in Universities of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. IRT1243), the Program for Young Innovation Scholars in Universities of Guangdong Province, China, the Science Research Foundation for Young Teachers in South China Normal University (Grant No. 14KJ04), and the Science Research Foundation for Graduate Student of South China Normal University (Grant No. 2014ssxm12).

参考文献

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[36]	Muhammad R, Hoogerland M, Jamil Y 2013 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 2134
[37]	Sun R H, Ye M Y, Lin X M 2013 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 1755
[38]	Feng G, Xu G, Long G L 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 190501
[39]	Bergmann K, Theuer H, Shore B W 1998 Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 1003
[40]	Klein J, Beil F, Halfmann T 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 113003
[41]	Du Y X, Liang Z T, Huang W, Yan H, Zhu S L 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 023821
[42]	Berry M V 2009 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 42 365303
[43]	Chen X, Lizuain I, Ruschhaupt A, Guéry-Odelin G, Muga J G 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 123003
[44]	Bason M G, Viteau M, Malossi N, Huillery P, Arimondo E, Ciampini D, Fazio R, Giovannetti V, Mannella R, Morsch O
[45]	Zhang J F, Shim J H, Niemeyer I, Taniguchi T, Teraji T, Abe H, Onoda S, Yamamoto T, Ohshima T, Isoya J, Suter D 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 240501
[46]	Zanardi P, Rasetti M 1999 Phys. Lett. A 264 94
[47]	Duan L M, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2001 Science 292 1695
[48]	Zhu S L, Wang Z D 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 097902
[49]	Zhu S L, Wang Z D 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 187902
[50]	Zhu S L, Wang Z D, Zanardi P 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 100502
[51]	Abdumalikov Jr A A, Fink J M, Juliusson K, Pechal M, Berger S, Wallraff A, Filipp S 2013 Nature 496 482
[52]	Arroyo-Camejo S, Lazariev A, Hell S W, Balasubramanian G 2014 Nature Commun. 5 4870
[53]	Zu C, Wang W B, He L, Zhang W G, Dai C Y, Wang F, Duan L M 2014 Nature 514 72
[54]	Tan X, Zhang D W, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Han S, Zhu S L 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 027001

施引文献

[1]	Hall J L 2006 Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 1279
[2]	Savukov I M, Seltzer S J, Romalis M V, Sauer K L 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 063004
[3]	Balabas M V, Karaulanov T, Ledbetter M P, Budker D 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 070801
[4]	Wasilewski W, Jensen K, Krauter H, Renema J J, Balabas M V, Polzik E S 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 133601
[5]	Koschorreck M, Napolitano M, Dubost B, Mitchell M W 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 093602
[6]	Wang P F, Ju C Y, Shi F Z, Du J F
[7]	Camparo J C 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 222
[8]	Swan-Wood T, Coffer J G, Camparo J C 2001 IEEE Trans. Inst. Meas. 50 1229
[9]	Holloway C L, Gordon J A, Jefferts S, Schwarzkopf A, Anderson D A, Miller S A, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 62 6169
[10]	Sedlacek J A, Schwettmann A, Kubler H, Low R, Pfau T, Shaffer J P 2012 Nature Phys. 8 819
[11]	Gordon J A, Holloway C L, Schwarzkopf A, Anderson D A, Miller S A, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 024104
[12]	Gallagher T F 1994 Rydberg Atoms (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
[13]	Osterwalder A, Merkt F 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 1831
[14]	Carter J D, Cherry O, Martin J D D 2012 Phys. Rev. A 86 053401
[15]	Abel R P, Carr C, Krohn U, Adams C S 2011 Phys. Rev. A 84 023408
[16]	Bason M G, Tanasittikosol M, Sargsyan A, Mohapatra A K, Sarkisyan D, Potvliege R M, Adams C S 2010 New J. Phys. 12 065015
[17]	Li B, Liu H P 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 013203
[18]	Yang H F, Gao W, Cheng H, Liu X J, Liu H P 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 013202
[19]	Li H Y, Yue D G, Liang Z Q, Yi C H, Chen J Z 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 203401 (in Chinese) [李红云, 岳大光, 梁志强, 伊长红, 陈建中 2013 62 203401]
[20]	Wang Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Wang L M, Zhang L J, Li C Y, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 093201 (in Chinese) [王勇, 张好, 陈杰, 王丽梅, 张临杰, 李昌勇, 赵健明, 贾锁堂 2013 62 093201]
[21]	Jiang L J, Zhang X Z, Jia G R, Zhang Y H, Xia L H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 013101 (in Chinese) [蒋丽娟, 张现周, 贾光瑞, 张永慧, 夏立华 2013 62 013101]
[22]	Wang L M, Zhang H, Li C Y, Zhao J M, Jia S T 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 013201 (in Chinese) [王丽梅, 张好, 李昌勇, 赵健明, 贾锁堂 2013 62 013201]
[23]	Mohapatra A K, Jackson T R, Adams C S 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 113003
[24]	Mauger S, Millen J, Jones M P A 2007 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 40 F319
[25]	Weatherill K J, Pritchard J D, Abel R P, Bason M G, Mohapatra A K, Adams C S 2008 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 41 201002
[26]	Autler S H, Townes C H 1955 Phys. Rev. 100 703
[27]	Zhang H, Zhang L, Wang L, Bao S, Zhao J, Jia S 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 043849
[28]	Tishchenko V A, Tokatly V I, Lukyanov V I 2003 Meas. Tech. 46 76
[29]	Kanda M, Orr R D 1988 NBS Technical Note 1319
[30]	Kanda M 1993 IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 41 1349
[31]	Kanda M 1994 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 36 261
[32]	Sedlacek J A, Schwettmann A, Kubler H, Shaffer J P 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 063001
[33]	Holloway C L, Gordon J A, Schwarzkopf A, Anderson D A, Miller S A, Thaicharoen N, Raithel G 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 244102
[34]	Epple G, Kleinbach K S, Euser T G, Joly N Y, Pfau T, Russell St P J, Low R 2014 Nature Commun. 5 4132
[35]	Dolde F, Fedder H, Doherty M W, Nöauer T, Rempp F, Balasubramanian G, Wolf T, Reinhard F, Hollenberg L C L, Jelezko F and Wrachtrup J 2011 Nature Phys. 7 459
[36]	Muhammad R, Hoogerland M, Jamil Y 2013 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 2134
[37]	Sun R H, Ye M Y, Lin X M 2013 Sci. China: Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 1755
[38]	Feng G, Xu G, Long G L 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 190501
[39]	Bergmann K, Theuer H, Shore B W 1998 Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 1003
[40]	Klein J, Beil F, Halfmann T 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 113003
[41]	Du Y X, Liang Z T, Huang W, Yan H, Zhu S L 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 023821
[42]	Berry M V 2009 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 42 365303
[43]	Chen X, Lizuain I, Ruschhaupt A, Guéry-Odelin G, Muga J G 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 123003
[44]	Bason M G, Viteau M, Malossi N, Huillery P, Arimondo E, Ciampini D, Fazio R, Giovannetti V, Mannella R, Morsch O
[45]	Zhang J F, Shim J H, Niemeyer I, Taniguchi T, Teraji T, Abe H, Onoda S, Yamamoto T, Ohshima T, Isoya J, Suter D 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 240501
[46]	Zanardi P, Rasetti M 1999 Phys. Lett. A 264 94
[47]	Duan L M, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2001 Science 292 1695
[48]	Zhu S L, Wang Z D 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 097902
[49]	Zhu S L, Wang Z D 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 187902
[50]	Zhu S L, Wang Z D, Zanardi P 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 100502
[51]	Abdumalikov Jr A A, Fink J M, Juliusson K, Pechal M, Berger S, Wallraff A, Filipp S 2013 Nature 496 482
[52]	Arroyo-Camejo S, Lazariev A, Hell S W, Balasubramanian G 2014 Nature Commun. 5 4870
[53]	Zu C, Wang W B, He L, Zhang W G, Dai C Y, Wang F, Duan L M 2014 Nature 514 72
[54]	Tan X, Zhang D W, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Han S, Zhu S L 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 027001

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