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X-ray emissionproduced by highly charged ions with the energy range near the Bohr velocity involves complicated atomic process. However, duo to the limitation of experimental conditions, the relevant researches are nearly absent. It is unclear whether the existing theory is applicable in such an energy range. This needs further exploring. In the present work, K X-ray spectra of Al excited by H+, He2+ and highly charged heavy ions I22+ and Xe20+ are investigated by using an Si drift X-ray detector in the energy range near the Bohr velocity. The X-ray production cross sections are extracted from the X-ray counts and compared with the theoretical simulations from PWBA, ECPSSR and modified BEA model. It is indicated that the cross section increases with the augment of projectile energy. With the same incident energy per nucleon, the cross section induced by highly charged heavy ions is a factor of about 104 larger than that by light ions . With the impact of H+ and He2+ ions, the K-shell electrons are mainly knocked off through the direct Coulomb ionization, and the X-ray emission cross section can be well predicted by ECPSSR theory. For the bombardment of highly charged heavy ions I22+ and Xe20+, except for the Coulomb ionization, the orbital electrons can also be excited by electron capture. The BEA simulation after being modified by both Coulomb repulsion and effective charge can well predict the X-ray production cross section.
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Keywords:
- ions /
- X-ray /
- production cross section /
- BEA /
- ECPSSR
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图 1 实验装置示意图(1–离子源; 2–分析磁铁; 3–高压加速平台; 4–光阑; 5–90°偏转磁铁; 6–四级透镜; 7–60°偏转磁铁; 8–超高真空靶室; 9–靶; 10–X射线探测器; 11–X射线记录系统; 12–穿透式法拉第筒; 13–法拉第筒; 14–离子计数记录系统; FC为束流线上可插拔式法拉第筒)
Figure 1. Schematic drawing of experiment setup: 1–ECR ion source; 2–analyzing magnet; 3–high volt accelerate platform; 4–barrier; 5–90° deflection magnet; 6–magnetic quadrupled lens; 7–60° deflection magnet; 8–ultrahigh vacuum target chamber; 9–target; 10–silicon drift detector; 11–X-ray recording system; 12–penetrable faraday cup; 13–common faraday cup; 14–projectile number recording system, FC is the faraday cup.
图 2 SDD在0.5—4 keV范围内的探测效率
Figure 2. Efficiency of the SDD detector in the energy region of 0.5–4.0 keV.
图 3 不同离子入射激发Al的典型X射线谱(曲线为高斯拟合, xc为谱线中心能量, W为谱线的半高全宽)
Figure 3. Typical X-ray spectrum of Al induced by various projectile (The curve is Gauss fitting, xc and W is the central energy and full width at half maximum of the spectral line, respectively).
图 4 不同离子激发Al的K壳层X射线产生截面随单核子能量变化
Figure 4. Al K X-ray cross section excited by various projectile
图 5 H+激发的发射实验截面与理论模拟
Figure 5. Experimental cross section excited by H+, and theory simulations.
图 6 He2+激发的发射实验截面与理论模拟
Figure 6. Experimental cross section excited by He2+, and theory simulations.
图 7 I22+激发的实验发射截面与理论模拟
Figure 7. Experimental cross section excited by I22+, and theory simulations.
图 8 Xe20+激发的实验发射截面与理论模拟
Figure 8. Experimental cross section excited by Xe20+, and theory simulations.
表 1 不同离子激发Al的 K X射线实验发射截面
Table 1. Al K X-ray cross section excited by various projectile.
离子种类 入射能量/MeV 截面/barn H+ 0.05 (1.06 ± 0.17) × 10–1 0.10 2.15 ± 0.34 0.15 9.06 ± 1.45 0.20 (2.03 ± 0.33) × 101 0.25 (4.50 ± 0.72) × 101 0.30 (7.73 ± 0.12) × 101 He2+ 0.10 (5.98 ± 0.96) × 10–3 0.20 (2.14 ± 0.34) × 10–1 0.30 1.10 ± 0.18 0.40 3.88 ± 0.62 0.50 9.25 ± 1.48 0.60 (2.42 ± 0.39) × 101 I22+ 2.00 (3.93 ± 0.63) × 101 2.50 (4.73 ± 0.78) × 101 3.00 (6.09 ± 0.97) × 101 3.50 (6.84 ±1.09) × 101 4.00 (7.57 ± 1.21) × 101 4.50 (7.99 ± 1.28) × 101 5.00 (9.18 ± 1.47) × 101 Xe20+ 1.20 (1.94 ± 0.31) × 101 2.40 (4.67 ± 0.74) × 101 3.00 (6.32 ± 1.01) × 101 3.60 (7.68 ± 1.23) × 101 4.80 (1.04 ± 0.17) × 102 6.00 (1.21 ± 0.19) × 102 
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[1] Zhou X M, Cheng R, Zhao Y T, Lei Y, Chen Y H, Chen X M, Wang Y Y, Ma X W, Xiao G Q 2018 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 416 94
Google Scholar
[2] Whilhelm R A, Gruber E, Schwestka J, Kozubek R, Madeira T I, Marques J P, Kobus J, Krasheninnikov A V, Schleberger M, Aumayr F 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 119 103401
Google Scholar
[3] Guo Y P, Yang Z H, Hu B T, Wang X L, Song Z Y, Xu Q M, Zhang B L, Chen J, Yang B, Yang J 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 30644
Google Scholar
[4] 柳钰, 徐忠锋, 王兴, 曾利霞, 刘婷 2020 69 043201
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Xu Z F, Wang X, Zeng L X, Liu T 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 043201
Google Scholar
[5] 梁昌慧, 张小安, 李耀宗, 赵永涛, 周贤明, 王兴, 梅策香, 肖国青 2018 67 243201
Google Scholar
Liang C H, Zhang X A, Li Y Z, Zhao Y T, Zhou X M, Wang X, Mei C X, Xiao G Q 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 243201
Google Scholar
[6] 梅策香, 张小安, 周贤明, 赵永涛, 任洁茹, 王兴, 雷瑜, 孙渊博, 程锐, 徐戈, 曾利霞 2017 66 143401
Google Scholar
Mei C X, Zhang X A, Zhou X M, Zhao Y T, Ren J R, Wang X, Lei Y, Sun Y B, Cheng R, Xu G, Zeng L X 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 143401
Google Scholar
[7] 张小安, 梅策香, 张颖, 赵永涛, 徐忠峰, 周贤明, 任洁茹, 程锐, 梁昌慧, 李耀宗, 曾丽霞, 杨治虎, 陈熙萌, 李福利, 肖国庆 2016 中国科学: 物理学 力学 天文学 46 073006
Google Scholar
Zhang X A, Mei C X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y T, Xu Z F, Zhou X M, Ren J R, Cheng R, Liang C H, Li Y Z, Zeng L X, Yang Z H, Chen X M, Li F L, Xiao G Q 2016 Sci Sin-Phys. Mech. Astron. 46 073006
Google Scholar
[8] Gryzinski M 1965 Phys. Rev. A 138 A336
Google Scholar
[9] Johnson D E, Basbas G, McDaniel F D 1979 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 24 1
Google Scholar
[10] Brandt W, Lapicki G 1981 Phys. Rev. A 23 1717
Google Scholar
[11] Meyerhof W E, Anholt R, Saylor T K, Lazarus S M, Little A, Chase L F 1976 Phys. Rev. A 14 1653
Google Scholar
[12] Lapicki G 1989 J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Date 18 111
Google Scholar
[13] Lapicki G 2005 X-ray Spectrom 34 269
Google Scholar
[14] Miranda J, Lapicki G 2014 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 100 651
Google Scholar
[15] Kahoul A, Nekkab M, Deghfel B 2008 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. , Sect. B 266 4969
Google Scholar
[16] 梁昌慧, 张小安, 周贤明, 赵永涛, 肖国青 2021 70 183201
Google Scholar
Liang C H, Zhang X A, Zhou X M, Zhao Y T, Xiao G Q 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 183201
Google Scholar
[17] Zhou X M, Wei J, Cheng R, Chen Y H, Mei C X, Zeng L X, Liu Y, Zhang Y N, Liang C H, Zhao Y T, Zhang X A 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 063204
Google Scholar
[18] 周贤明, 尉静, 程锐, 赵永涛, 曾利霞, 梅策香, 梁昌慧, 李耀宗, 张小安, 肖国青 2021 70 023201
Google Scholar
Zhou X M, Wei J, Cheng R, Zhao Y T, Zeng L X, Mei C X, Liang C H, Li Y Z, Zhang X A, Xiao G Q 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 70 023201
Google Scholar
[19] Bearden J A 1967 Rev. Mod. Phys 39 78
Google Scholar
[20] Krause M O and Oliver J H 1979 J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 8 329
Google Scholar
[21] Campbell J L 2003 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 85 291
Google Scholar
[22] Campbell J L 2009 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 95 115
Google Scholar
[23] Thompson A C, Attwood D T, Gullikson E M, Howells M R, Kortright J B, Robinson Al, Underwood J H, Kim K J, Kirz J, Lindau I, Pianetta P, Winick H, Williams G P, Scofield J H (Edited by Thompson A C, Vaughan D) 2001 X-Ray Data Book (http://xdb.lbl.gov/)
[24] Czarnota M, Pajek M, Banaś D, et al. 2006 Braz. J. Phys. 36 546
Google Scholar
[25] Semaniak J, Braziewicz J, Pajek M, Czyżewski T, Głowacka L, Jaskóła M, Hailer M, Karschnick R, Kretschmer W, Halabuka Z, Trautmann D 1995 Phys. Rev. A 52 1125
Google Scholar
[26] Sarkadi L, Mukoyama T 1980 J. Phys. B Atom. Mol. Phys. 13 2255
Google Scholar
[27] Watson R L, Blackadar J M, Horvat V 1999 Phys. Rev. A 60 2959
Google Scholar
[28] Banaś D, Pajek M, Semaniak J, Braziewicza J, Kubala-Kukuśa A, Majewskaa U, Czyżewskib T, Jaskółab M, Kretschmerc W, Mukoyamad T, Trautmanne D 2002 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 195 233
Google Scholar
[29] Basbas G, Brandt W, Roman L 1973 Phys. Rev. A 7 983
Google Scholar
[30] Ziegler J F, Ziegler M D, Biersack J P 2019 Treatise on Heavy-Ion Science (Springer) pp93–129
[31] Pajek M, Kobzev A P, Sandrik R, Iikhamov R A, Kusmurodov S H 1989 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 42 346
Google Scholar
[32] 周贤明, 赵永涛, 程锐, 雷瑜, 王瑜玉, 任洁茹, 刘世东, 梅策香, 陈熙萌, 肖国青 2021 65 027901
Google Scholar
Zhou X M, Zhao Y T, Cheng R, Lei Y, Wang Y Y, Ren J R, Liu S D, Mei C X, Chen X M, Xiao G Q 2021 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 027901
Google Scholar
[33] Cohen D D, Harrigan M 1985 At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 33 255
Google Scholar
[34] Lapicki G, Murty G A V R, Raju G J N, Reddy B S, Reddy S B, Vijayan V 2004 Phys. Rev. A 70 062718
Google Scholar
[35] Lapicki G, Mehta R, Duggan J I, Kocur P M, Price J L, McDaniel F D 1986 Phys. Rev. A 34 3813
Google Scholar
[36] Brandt W, Laubert R, Sellin I 1966 Phys. Rev. 151 56
Google Scholar
[37] Shima K 1978 Phys. Lett. A 67 351
Google Scholar
[38] Khan J M, Potter D L 1964 Phys. Rev. 133 A 890
[39] Khan J M, Potter O L, Worley R D 1965 Phys. Rev. 139 A 1735
[40] Needham P B, Jr., Sartwell B O 1970 Phys. Rev. A 2 27
Google Scholar
[41] Shima K, Makino I, Sakisaka M 1971 Jpn. J. Phys. 31 971
Google Scholar
[42] Magon C, Milazzo M, Pizzi C, Porro F, Rota A, Ric-cobono G 1979 Nuovo. Cimento. A 54 277
Google Scholar
[43] Morita S, Kamiya M 1997 Chin. J. Phys. 15 199
[44] Slater J C 1930 Phys. Rev. 36 57
Google Scholar
[45] Liu S Z 1986 Atomic Structure and Chemical Periodic System of Elements (Beijing: Science and Technology Press) p108
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