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In this paper we present a miniaturized pre-calibration based forward-viewing Lissajous scanning fiber probe for endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT). The probe is based on an asymmetric fiber cantilever driven by the piezoelectric bender to realize the two-dimensional (2D) Lissajous scanning, which can realize a relatively large scanning range under a low driving voltage. A capillary metal tube is mounted at the end of the main fiber to reduce the resonant frequency of the fiber cantilever. The relationship between the filling rate and the side-lobe number of the Lissajous scanning pattern is studied, and a method of selecting the orthogonal resonant frequency of the Lissajous scanning is proposed. Through the numerical simulation by COMSOL software, the structural parameters of the asymmetric fiber cantilever are determined. The orthogonal resonant frequencies of the asymmetric fiber cantilever are 169 Hz and 122 Hz. The lengths of the main imaging fiber, the auxiliary fiber and the metal capillary tube are 15.94 mm, 4.49 mm and 2 mm, respectively. The probe is fully packaged in a metal tube for endoscopic imaging. The focal spot and the working distance are 25 µm and 5 mm, respectively. The field of view is larger than 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm. The total rigid length and the outer diameter of the probe are 35 mm and 3.5 mm, respectively. The stability and repeatability of the Lissajous scanning trajectory, and the imaging stability with the rotation of the probe are investigated and verified. The probe is incorporated into a 50 kHz swept source OCT system. The axial resolution of the endoscopic OCT is 10.3 μm, and the imaging frame rate is 1 FPS (frames per second). The maximum signal-to-noise ratio of the imaging system is 110 dB. The imaging performance of the probe is validated by the 2D en-face and three-dimensional volumetric OCT imaging of the high scattering sample and the biological tissue. The probe can be used for the endoscopic imaging of the human tooth. From the result we can distinguish the dental enamel, dental essence and the dental calculus. The developed forward-viewing Lissajous scanning fiber probe is expected to be used in dental applications such as early calculus detection.
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Keywords:
- optical coherence tomography /
- Lissajous scanning /
- endoscopic imaging
[1] Huang D, Swanson E A, Lin C P, Schuman J S, Stinson W G, Chang W, Hee M R, Flotte T, Gregory K, Puliafito C A, Fujimoto J G 1991 Science 254 1178
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图 1 (a)模拟的Lissajous扫描轨迹图; (b)考虑光斑大小的扫描填充情况; (c)填充率与波瓣数关系曲线
Figure 1. (a) Simulated Lissajous scanning trajectory; (b) scanning pattern considering the spot size; (c) relation curve of filling rate vs. side-lobe number.
图 2 (a)非对称光纤悬臂结构示意图; (b)非对称光纤悬臂受力分析图
Figure 2. (a) Schematic of the asymmetric fiber cantilever; (b) force analysis of the asymmetric fiber cantilever.
图 3 (a) COMSOL中仿真的非对称光纤悬臂结构示意图; (b)主光纤和附加光纤长度与正交谐振频率的关系图
Figure 3. (a) Simulated probe structure in COMSOL; (b) the relationship between the length of the main fiber and the auxiliary fiber and the orthogonal resonance frequency.
图 4 (a)全封装的Lissajous扫描光纤探头结构示意图; (b)全封装探头的实物照片
Figure 4. (a) Schematic of the fully packaged Lissajous scanning fiber probe; (b) photograph of the fully packaged probe.
图 5 内窥SS-OCT系统示意图
Figure 5. Schematic of the endoscopic SS-OCT system.
图 6 (a) Lissajous扫描光纤探头的振幅-频率响应曲线; (b)预标定的Lissajous扫描轨迹重建结果
Figure 6. (a) Amplitude-frequency response curves of the Lissajous scanning fiber probe; (b) the reconstructed Lissajous scanning trajectory by pre-calibration.
图 7 (a)—(f) 6次独立实验的前1500个点的扫描轨迹重建结果
Figure 7. (a)–(f) Reconstructed scanning trajectory of the first 1500 points from the 6 independent experiments
图 8 (a) 1元硬币及字母A的照片; (b)—(e)探头旋转0°, 90°, 180°和270°对字母A的OCT表面成像结果
Figure 8. (a) Photograph of the 1 Yuan coin and the letter A; (b)–(e) the en-face OCT images of the letter A with the probe rotating to the angle of 0°, 90°, 180° and 270°.
图 9 (a)橘子果粒的实物照片; (b)橘子果粒组织的二维OCT横向截面图像
Figure 9. (a) Photograph of the orange grain; (b) two-dimensional OCT cross-sectional image of orange grain tissue.
图 10 (a)磨牙的二维OCT横截面图像; (b)磨牙的三维OCT图像; (c)牙结石的二维OCT横截面图像; (d)牙结石的三维OCT图像
Figure 10. (a) Two-dimensional OCT cross sectional image of the health molar tooth tissue; (b) three-dimensional OCT image of the health molar tooth tissue; (c) two-dimensional OCT cross sectional image of the dental calculus; (d) three-dimensional OCT image of the dental calculus.
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[1] Huang D, Swanson E A, Lin C P, Schuman J S, Stinson W G, Chang W, Hee M R, Flotte T, Gregory K, Puliafito C A, Fujimoto J G 1991 Science 254 1178
Google Scholar
[2] 贾亚青, 梁艳梅, 朱晓农 2007 56 3861
Google Scholar
Jia Y Q, Liang Y M, Zhu X N 2007 Acta Phys. Sin. 56 3861
Google Scholar
[3] 黄良敏, 丁志华, 洪威, 王川 2011 61 023401
Google Scholar
Huang L M, Ding Z H, Hong W, Wang C 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 023401
Google Scholar
[4] Li X D, Chudoba C, Ko T, Pitris C, Fujimoto J G 2000 Opt. Lett. 25 1520
Google Scholar
[5] Wu J, Conry M, Gu C, Wang F, Yaqoob Z, Yang C 2006 Opt. Lett. 31 1265
Google Scholar
[6] Pan Y, Xie H, Fedder G K 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 1966
Google Scholar
[7] Park H C, Song C, Kang M, Jeong Y, Jeong K H 2012 Opt. Lett. 37 2673
Google Scholar
[8] Wang Y, Bachman M, Li G P, Guo S, Wong B J F, Chen Z 2005 Opt. Lett. 30 53
Google Scholar
[9] Min E J, Na J, Ryu S Y, Lee B H 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 1897
Google Scholar
[10] Zhang K, Huang Y, and Kang J U 2011 Opt. Eng. 50 119002
Google Scholar
[11] Liu X M, Cobb J, Chen Y, Kimmey M B, Li X 2004 Opt. Lett. 29 1763
Google Scholar
[12] Huo L, Xi J, Wu Y, Li X 2010 Opt. Express 18 14375
Google Scholar
[13] Min E J, Shin J G, Kim Y, Lee B H 2011 Opt. Lett. 36 1963
Google Scholar
[14] Zhang N, Tsai T H, Ahsen O O, Liang K, Lee H C, Xue P, Li X, Fujimoto J G 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 186
Google Scholar
[15] Vilches S, Kretschmer S, Çağlar A, Zappe H 2017 J. Micromech. Microeng. 27 105015
Google Scholar
[16] Hinnerk S H, Pfeiffer T, Eixmann T, Lohmann S, Ahrens M, Rehra J, Draxinger W, KÖNIG P, Huber R, Hüttmann G 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 4386
Google Scholar
[17] Helmchen F, Fee M S, Tank D W, Denk W 2001 Neuron 31 903
Google Scholar
[18] Wu T, Ding Z H, Wang K, Chen M, Wang C 2009 Opt. Express 17 13819
Google Scholar
[19] Moon S, Lee S, Rubinstein M, Wong B J F, Chen Z 2010 Opt. Express 18 21183
Google Scholar
[20] Park H C, Seo Y H, Jeong K H 2014 Opt. Express 22 5818
Google Scholar
[21] Seo Y H, Hwang K, Park H C, Jeong K H 2016 Opt. Express 24 3903
Google Scholar
[22] Liang W, Murari K, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Li M J, Li X 2012 J. Biomed. Opt. 17 021108
Google Scholar
[23] Hwang K, Seo Y H, Ahn J, Kim P, Jeong K H 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 14075
Google Scholar
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