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Atmospheric pressure plasma plume generated by pulsed discharge is studied by experimental diagnostics and numerical simulations. It is found that the plasma plume is generated in the rising phase of pulse voltage, in which a plasma bullet propagates toward the ground electrode at a speed on the order of 104 m/s. It is also found that the electric field in the vicinity of the plasma bullet reaches 106 V/m, indicating that the formation of plasma bullet can be attributed to the localized enhanced electric field, which will be enhanced near to the grounded electrode. The spatiotemporal evolution of electron density in the discharge reveals that the residual electron density remains after the plasma bullet has passed through, which explains the tailing phenomenon of plasma bullet. The enhanced electron generation rate at the head of plasma bullet corresponds to the localized enhanced electric field, which explains the generation mechanism of plasma bullet. This study of the characteristics and mechanism of plasma bullet provides a theoretical basis for developing the atmospheric plasma plume generated by pulsed discharge.
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Keywords:
- plasma plume /
- numerical simulation /
- pulsed discharge
[1] Walsh J L, Iza F, Janson N B, Law V J, Kong M G 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 075201
Google Scholar
[2] Mericam-Bourdet N, Laroussi M, Begum A, Karakas E 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 055207
Google Scholar
[3] Zhu P, Meng Z Z, Hu H X, Ouyang J T 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 103512
Google Scholar
[4] Algwari Q T, O’Connell D 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 121501
Google Scholar
[5] O’Neill F T, Twomey B, Law V J, Milosavljevic V, Kong M G, Anghel S D, Dowling D P 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 2994
Google Scholar
[6] Liu W, Li Z, Ma C, Zhao L 2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 415201
Google Scholar
[7] Lu X, Naidis G V, Laroussi M, Reuter S, Graves D B, Ostrikov K 2016 Phys. Rep. 630 1
Google Scholar
[8] Deng X L, Nikiforov A Y, Vanraes P, Leys C 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 023305
Google Scholar
[9] Shaw D, West A, Bredin J, Wagenaars E 2016 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 65018
Google Scholar
[10] Nikiforov A Y 2009 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 37 872
Google Scholar
[11] Sun J K, Chung T H 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 20332
Google Scholar
[12] Wang R X, Zhang C, Shen Y, Zhu W D, Yan P, Shao T, Babaeva N Y, Naidis G V 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 123303
Google Scholar
[13] Shi J J, Zhong F C, Zhang J 2008 Phys. Plasmas 15 013504
Google Scholar
[14] Rong M Z, Xia W J, Wang X H, Liu Z J, Liu D X, Liang Z H, Zhang X N, Kong M G 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 074104
Google Scholar
[15] Liu Z J, Zhou C X, Liu D X, Xu D H, Xia W J, Cui Q J, Wang B C, Kong M G 2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 013528
Google Scholar
[16] Breden D, Miki K, Raja L L 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 111501
Google Scholar
[17] Hofmans M, Viegas P, Rooij O V, Klarenaar B, Guaitella O, Bourdon A, Sobota A 2020 Appl. Phys. Express 13 086001
Google Scholar
[18] Sun Z T, Yan W, Ji L F, Bi Z H, Song Y, Liu D P 2018 Plasma Sci. Technol. 20 085401
Google Scholar
[19] Song S T, Guo Y, Choe W, Zhang J, Zhang J, Shi J J 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 123508
Google Scholar
[20] Hagelaar G J M, Pitchford L C 2005 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 14 722
Google Scholar
[21] Sakiyama Y, Graves D B, Stoffels E 2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 095204
Google Scholar
[22] Karakas E, Akman M A, Laroussi M 2012 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21 034016
Google Scholar
[23] Xian Y B, Xu H T, Lu X P, Pei X K, Gong W W, Lu Y, Liu D W, Yang Y 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 063507
Google Scholar
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图 1 (a)放电结构示意图; 典型等离子体子弹的(b)实验拍摄照片和(c)数值模拟结果
Figure 1. (a) Schematic setup of discharge; typical appearance of plasma bullet (b) taken in experiments and (c) numerically simulated.
图 2 实验测量脉冲放电等离子体射流时空演变图
Figure 2. Temporal-spatial evolution profile of pulsed discharge plasma plume experimentally measured by optical emission.
图 3 数值模拟脉冲放电等离子体射流中He+密度的时空演变图
Figure 3. Temporal-spatial evolution profile of simulated He+ density in pulsed discharge plasma plume.
图 4 实验测量和数值模拟等离子体子弹在介质管中的传播速率
Figure 4. Measured and simulated velocities of plasma bullet in dielectric tube.
图 5 (a) 等离子体子弹在不同位置处的轴向电场强度分布; (b) 等离子体子弹阶段电场强度的时空分布; (c) 等离子体子弹周边典型的电场强度分布
Figure 5. (a) Spatial profiles of the electric field of plasma bullets at different positions; (b) spatiotemporal evolution of the electric field with the existing of plasma bullet; (c) typical electric field distribution in the domain near the plasma bullet.
图 6 (a) 电子密度和 (b) 0.2—0.4 μs阶段电子产生率的时空分布
Figure 6. Spatiotemporal profile of (a) electron density and (b) electron generation rate in 0.2–0.4 μs.
表 1 反应方程和速率
Table 1. Elementary reaction and rates.
反应 反应速率 He + e → He* + e $2.308 \times {10^{ - 10} }T_{\rm{e} } ^{0.31}\exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {2.297 \times { {10}^5} } }{ { {T_{\rm{e} } } } } } \right)$/(cm3·s–1) He + e → He+ + 2e $2.584 \times {10^{ - 12} }T_{\rm{e} } ^{0.68}\exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {2.854092 \times { {10}^5} } }{ { {T_{\rm{e} } } } } } \right)$/(cm3·s–1) He* + e → He+ + 2e $4.661 \times {10^{ - 10} }T_{\rm{e} } ^{0.6}\exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {5.546 \times { {10}^4} } }{ { {T_{\rm{e} } } } } } \right)$/(cm3·s–1) ${\rm{He}}_2^+ $ + e → He* + He $5.386 \times {10^{ - 7}}{T_{\rm{e}}}^{ - 0.5}$/(cm3·s–1) He+ + 2He → ${\rm{He}}_2^+ $ + He 1.1 × 10–31/(cm6·s–1) He* + 2He → ${\rm{He}}_2^* $ + He 1.3 × 10–33/(cm6·s–1) He* + e → He + e $1.099 \times {10^{ - 11} }{T_{\rm{e} } ^{0.31}}$/(cm3·s–1) ${\rm{He}}_2^* $ + e →${\rm{He}}_2^+ $ + 2e $1.268 \times {10^{ - 12} }{T_{\rm{e} } ^{0.71}}\exp \left( { - \dfrac{ {3.945 \times { {10}^4} } }{ { {T_{\rm{e} } } } } } \right)$/(cm3·s–1) He* + He* → He+ + He + e $2.7 \times {10^{ - 10}}$/(cm3·s–1) 
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[1] Walsh J L, Iza F, Janson N B, Law V J, Kong M G 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 075201
Google Scholar
[2] Mericam-Bourdet N, Laroussi M, Begum A, Karakas E 2009 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42 055207
Google Scholar
[3] Zhu P, Meng Z Z, Hu H X, Ouyang J T 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 103512
Google Scholar
[4] Algwari Q T, O’Connell D 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 121501
Google Scholar
[5] O’Neill F T, Twomey B, Law V J, Milosavljevic V, Kong M G, Anghel S D, Dowling D P 2012 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40 2994
Google Scholar
[6] Liu W, Li Z, Ma C, Zhao L 2017 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 415201
Google Scholar
[7] Lu X, Naidis G V, Laroussi M, Reuter S, Graves D B, Ostrikov K 2016 Phys. Rep. 630 1
Google Scholar
[8] Deng X L, Nikiforov A Y, Vanraes P, Leys C 2013 J. Appl. Phys. 113 023305
Google Scholar
[9] Shaw D, West A, Bredin J, Wagenaars E 2016 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 65018
Google Scholar
[10] Nikiforov A Y 2009 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 37 872
Google Scholar
[11] Sun J K, Chung T H 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 20332
Google Scholar
[12] Wang R X, Zhang C, Shen Y, Zhu W D, Yan P, Shao T, Babaeva N Y, Naidis G V 2015 J. Appl. Phys. 118 123303
Google Scholar
[13] Shi J J, Zhong F C, Zhang J 2008 Phys. Plasmas 15 013504
Google Scholar
[14] Rong M Z, Xia W J, Wang X H, Liu Z J, Liu D X, Liang Z H, Zhang X N, Kong M G 2017 Appl. Phys. Lett. 111 074104
Google Scholar
[15] Liu Z J, Zhou C X, Liu D X, Xu D H, Xia W J, Cui Q J, Wang B C, Kong M G 2018 Phys. Plasmas 25 013528
Google Scholar
[16] Breden D, Miki K, Raja L L 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 111501
Google Scholar
[17] Hofmans M, Viegas P, Rooij O V, Klarenaar B, Guaitella O, Bourdon A, Sobota A 2020 Appl. Phys. Express 13 086001
Google Scholar
[18] Sun Z T, Yan W, Ji L F, Bi Z H, Song Y, Liu D P 2018 Plasma Sci. Technol. 20 085401
Google Scholar
[19] Song S T, Guo Y, Choe W, Zhang J, Zhang J, Shi J J 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 123508
Google Scholar
[20] Hagelaar G J M, Pitchford L C 2005 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 14 722
Google Scholar
[21] Sakiyama Y, Graves D B, Stoffels E 2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 095204
Google Scholar
[22] Karakas E, Akman M A, Laroussi M 2012 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21 034016
Google Scholar
[23] Xian Y B, Xu H T, Lu X P, Pei X K, Gong W W, Lu Y, Liu D W, Yang Y 2015 Phys. Plasmas 22 063507
Google Scholar
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