Development and application of battery materials database

Wu Si-Yuan; Wang Yu-Qi; Xiao Rui-Juan; Chen Li-Quan

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20201542

Abstract

High-throughput methods based on automation technology and computer technology can quickly provide tens of thousands of scientific research data, which poses a new challenge to the scientific and efficient management of scientific data. Rechargeable secondary batteries are the keys to the development of electric vehicles and the first choice of wind/photoelectric energy storage. The discovery of new battery materials plays an important role in improving the performance of the secondary batteries. New methods based on big date can be introduced into the screening and design of battery materials to accelerate the development of secondary batteries. This work introduces the development and application of battery material database from the aspects of data acquisition, construction of general and specific battery material database, and the challenges faced by the battery material database.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory For Renewable Energy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Corresponding author: Xiao Rui-Juan, rjxiao@iphy.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFB0701600) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51772321)

FullText HTML : translate this paragraph

References

[1]	Armand M, Tarascon J M 2008 Nature 451 652 Google Scholar
[2]	Chen R S, Li Q H, Yu X Q, Chen L Q, Li H 2020 Chem. Rev. 120 6820 Google Scholar
[3]	Jain A, Persson K A, Ceder G 2016 APL Mater. 4 053102 Google Scholar
[4]	Suh C, Fare C, Warren J A, Pyzer-Knapp E O 2020 Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 50 1 Google Scholar
[5]	Mueller T, Hautier G, Jain A, Ceder G 2011 Chem. Mater. 23 3854 Google Scholar
[6]	Kirklin S, Meredig, Wolverton C 2013 Adv. Energy Mater. 3 252 Google Scholar
[7]	Xiao R J, Li H, Chen L Q 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 14227 Google Scholar
[8]	Rasmussen F A, Thygesen K S 2015 J. Phys. Chem. C 119 13169 Google Scholar
[9]	Sikora B J, Wilmer C E, Greenfield M L, Snurr R Q 2011 Chem. Sci. 3 2217 Google Scholar
[10]	Ashton M, Paul J, Sinnott S B, Hennig R G 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 106101 Google Scholar
[11]	http://e01.iphy.ac.cn/bmd [2020-9-17]
[12]	Zhang L W, He B, Zhao Q, Zou Z Y, Chi S T, Mi P H, Ye A J, Li Y J, Wang D, Avdeev M, Adams S, Shi S Q 2020 Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 2003087 Google Scholar
[13]	Korbel S, Marques M A L, Botti S 2016 J. Mater. Chem. C 4 3157 Google Scholar
[14]	Avdeev M, Sale M, Adams S, Rao R P 2012 Solid State Ionics 225 43 Google Scholar
[15]	Gaultois M W, Sparks T D, Borg C K H, Seshadri R, Bonificio W D, Clarke D R 2013 Chem. Mater. 25 2911 Google Scholar
[16]	Carrete J, Li W, Mingo N 2014 Phys. Rev. X 4 011019 Google Scholar
[17]	Deem M W, Pophale R, Cheeseman P A, Earl D J 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 21353 Google Scholar
[18]	Zhang T T, Jiang Y, Song Z D, Huang H, He Y Q, Fang Z, Weng H M, Fang C 2019 Nature 566 475 Google Scholar
[19]	Jain A, Ong S P, Hautier G, Chen W, Richards W D, Dacek S, Cholia S, Gunter D, Skinner D, Ceder G, Persson K A 2013 APL Mater. 1 011002 Google Scholar
[20]	Curtarolo S, Setyawan W, Hart G L W 2012 Comput. Mater. Sci. 58 218 Google Scholar
[21]	Saal J E, Kirklin S, Aykol M, Meredig B, Wolverton C 2013 JOM 65 1501 Google Scholar
[22]	https://atomly.net [2020-9-17]
[23]	Ghadbeigi L, Harada J K, Lettiere B R, Sparks T D 2015 Energy Environ. Sci. 8 1640 Google Scholar
[24]	Huang S, Cole J M 2020 Sci. Data 7 260 Google Scholar
[25]	Li Y S, Qi Y 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 1286 Google Scholar
[26]	Tian H K, Chakraborty A, Talin A, Eisenlohr P, Qi Y 2020 J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 090541 Google Scholar
[27]	彭佳悦, 祖晨曦, 李泓 2013 储能科学与技术 2 55 Google Scholar Peng J Y, Zu C X, Li H 2013 Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 2 55 Google Scholar
[28]	Zu C X, Li H 2011 Energy Environ. Sci. 4 2614 Google Scholar
[29]	吴娇杨, 刘品, 胡勇胜, 李泓 2016 储能科学与技术 5 443 Google Scholar Wu J Y, Liu P, Hu Y S, Li H 2016 Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 5 443 Google Scholar
[30]	Wang L, Wu Z, Zou J, Gao P, Niu X, Li H, Chen L 2019 Joule 3 2086 Google Scholar
[31]	Cao W, Zhang J, Li H 2020 Energy Storage Mater. 26 46 Google Scholar
[32]	Ceder G 2011 MRS Bulletin 35 693 Google Scholar
[33]	Kirklin S, Saal J E, Meredig B, Thompson A, Doak J W, Aykol M, Rühl S, Wolverton C 2015 NPJ. Comput. Mater. 1 15010 Google Scholar
[34]	Jain A, Hautier G, Ong S P, Persson K 2016 J. Mater. Res. 31 977 Google Scholar
[35]	Hachmann J, Olivares-Amaya R, Atahan-Evrenk S, Amador-Bedolla C, Sánchez-Carrera R S, Gold-Parker A, Vogt L, Brockway A M, Aspuru-Guzik A 2011 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2 2241 Google Scholar
[36]	Shi S Q, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Ju W W, Ouyang C Y, Xiao R J 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 018212 Google Scholar
[37]	He B, Chi S, Ye A J, Mi P H, Zhang L W, Pu B W, Zou Z Y, Ran Y B, Zhao Q, Wang D, Zhang W Q, Zhao J T, Adams S, Avdeev M, Shi S 2020 Sci. Data 7 151 Google Scholar
[38]	Nuspl G, Takeuchi T, Weiß A, Kageyama H, Yoshizawa K, Yamabe T 1999 J. Appl. Phys. 86 5484 Google Scholar
[39]	He B, Ye A J, Chi S, Mi P H, Ran Y B, Zhang L W, Zou X X, Pu B W, Zhao Q, Zou Z Y, Wang D, Zhang W Q, Zhao J T, Avdeev M, Shi S 2020 Sci. Data 7 153 Google Scholar
[40]	Adams S, Rao R P 2011 Phys. Status Solidi A 208 1746 Google Scholar
[41]	Henkelman G, Jonsson H 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 9978 Google Scholar
[42]	Kirklin S, Meredig B, Wolverton C 2013 Advanced Energy Materials 3 252
[43]	Zhu Y, He X, Mo Y 2017 Adv. Sci. (Weinh) 4 1600517 Google Scholar
[44]	Wang X L, Xiao R J, Li H, Chen L Q 2016 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 21269 Google Scholar
[45]	Sendek A D, Cubuk E D, Antoniuk E R, Cheon G, Cui Y, Reed E J 2018 Chem. Mater. 31 342 Google Scholar
[46]	Liu B, Yang J, Yang H, Ye C, Mao Y, Wang J, Shi S, Yang J, Zhang W 2019 J. Mater. Chem. A 7 19961 Google Scholar
[47]	Wang A P, Kadam S, Li H, Shi S Q 2018 NPJ Comput. Mater. 4 15 Google Scholar
[48]	Liu Y, Zhao T L, Ju W W, Shi S Q 2017 J. Materiomics 3 159 Google Scholar
[49]	Liu Y, Guo B R, Zou X X, Li Y J, Shi S Q 2020 Energy Storage Mater. 31 434 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 材料数据的产生、归类和应用流程

Figure 1. Flowchart of creation, classification and application of materials data.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 各类材料数据库的出现时间

Figure 2. Appearance time of various materials databases.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a) 电池材料离子输运数据库网站页面; (b) 数据种类

Figure 3. (a) The database of ion transport properties for battery materials; (b) data distributions for various types of materials.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 数据挖掘方法在探究材料构效关系中的应用

Figure 4. Data mining method applied in exploring the relationship between structure and properties.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 新能源材料数据库的主要技术挑战

Figure 5. The main technologic challenges in the development of energy materials database.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 高通量计算所能获得的材料性质

Table 1. Properties achieved by high-throughput calculations.

计算数据	物化性质	材料种类
总能量	相图、反应路径、形成能	热力学稳定材料
电子结构	带隙、电子传输、电荷分布	特定电学性质材料
原子磁矩	磁构型、磁矩、磁阻等	磁性材料
声子谱	晶格振动、红外吸收谱	动力学稳定材料
力学模量	弹性模量、泊松比等	力学材料
复数介电常数	介电性质	介电材料
反射系数	反射/吸收率	光学材料
吸附能/位置	表面吸附过程	材料表面设计
晶格匹配	界面力学/界面化学稳定性	材料界面设计
离子扩散	离子迁移路径、势垒等	离子导体

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 国内外典型的通用型计算材料数据库及公开发布的高通量计算软件^[19-22]

Table 2. Typical database forcomputational materials^[19-22].

数据库名称	高通量计算软件
Materials Project	Pymatgen
AFLOWLIB	AFLOW
OQMD	OQMD
Atomly	—

DownLoad: CSV

表 3 机器学习模型应用于二次电池的构效关系

Table 3. Application of machine learning method in the research of secondary batteries.

关心的问题	输入量(描述符)	输出量 (目标性质)
固态电解质	原子结构以及它们的XRD 图像信息、化学键数目、子晶格化学键的离子性、原子配位数、键长、位能、熔点、沸点…	离子电导率或离子迁移能
聚合物电解质	化学结构、组成比率、处理温度、Mordred描述因子…	离子电导率
锂电极	化学键、原子半径、单位原子体积、质量密度、子晶格电负性、Li原子周围原子数变化…	热力学相稳定性
界面	热力学稳定性、结构和动力学参数…	界面态
电池制造	活性材料质量比率、粘性、固液比率…	孔隙率和电极的质量负载

DownLoad: CSV

表 4 不同层级的数据库类型、用途和使用方法

Table 4. TType, application and usage of battery materials database in various scales.

层级	数据库类型	用途	使用方法
原子尺度	基于理想材料模型获得的材料在原子尺度的本征性质数据	了解所选用材料本身所具备的性质特征	查询及挖掘原子结构及对应的电子结构、离子输运势垒等数据, 帮助寻找到具有目标物性的材料
微观尺度	引入实际材料中的缺陷和微观构型后获得的实际材料性质数据	了解微观结构对材料性质的调制	查询及挖掘缺陷、粒径大小、颗粒形状、比表面积等一系列变量描述下的材料性质数据, 帮助实现对所选材料的性质改善
外场效应	随电场、温度等外场条件改变时获得的材料性质数据	了解材料性质对外界环境的响应	查询及挖掘材料性质数据随外场条件的变化函数, 帮助设计电化学稳定的电池材料
多相作用	将单一材料性质数据扩展到多种材料之间相互作用的性质数据	了解界面等由多相作用所决定的性质数据	查询及挖掘电池中界面的组分、性质数据, 帮助选取相匹配的组成电池的各种材料
宏观尺度	电池器件的性能数据及充放电过程中电池材料的性质数据	实现材料性质数据与电池器件性能的关联	查询及挖掘上述四层性质数据与电池器件性能之间的联系, 帮助实现从材料到电池的整体设计

DownLoad: CSV

map

[1]	Armand M, Tarascon J M 2008 Nature 451 652 Google Scholar
[2]	Chen R S, Li Q H, Yu X Q, Chen L Q, Li H 2020 Chem. Rev. 120 6820 Google Scholar
[3]	Jain A, Persson K A, Ceder G 2016 APL Mater. 4 053102 Google Scholar
[4]	Suh C, Fare C, Warren J A, Pyzer-Knapp E O 2020 Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 50 1 Google Scholar
[5]	Mueller T, Hautier G, Jain A, Ceder G 2011 Chem. Mater. 23 3854 Google Scholar
[6]	Kirklin S, Meredig, Wolverton C 2013 Adv. Energy Mater. 3 252 Google Scholar
[7]	Xiao R J, Li H, Chen L Q 2015 Sci. Rep. 5 14227 Google Scholar
[8]	Rasmussen F A, Thygesen K S 2015 J. Phys. Chem. C 119 13169 Google Scholar
[9]	Sikora B J, Wilmer C E, Greenfield M L, Snurr R Q 2011 Chem. Sci. 3 2217 Google Scholar
[10]	Ashton M, Paul J, Sinnott S B, Hennig R G 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 106101 Google Scholar
[11]	http://e01.iphy.ac.cn/bmd [2020-9-17]
[12]	Zhang L W, He B, Zhao Q, Zou Z Y, Chi S T, Mi P H, Ye A J, Li Y J, Wang D, Avdeev M, Adams S, Shi S Q 2020 Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 2003087 Google Scholar
[13]	Korbel S, Marques M A L, Botti S 2016 J. Mater. Chem. C 4 3157 Google Scholar
[14]	Avdeev M, Sale M, Adams S, Rao R P 2012 Solid State Ionics 225 43 Google Scholar
[15]	Gaultois M W, Sparks T D, Borg C K H, Seshadri R, Bonificio W D, Clarke D R 2013 Chem. Mater. 25 2911 Google Scholar
[16]	Carrete J, Li W, Mingo N 2014 Phys. Rev. X 4 011019 Google Scholar
[17]	Deem M W, Pophale R, Cheeseman P A, Earl D J 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 21353 Google Scholar
[18]	Zhang T T, Jiang Y, Song Z D, Huang H, He Y Q, Fang Z, Weng H M, Fang C 2019 Nature 566 475 Google Scholar
[19]	Jain A, Ong S P, Hautier G, Chen W, Richards W D, Dacek S, Cholia S, Gunter D, Skinner D, Ceder G, Persson K A 2013 APL Mater. 1 011002 Google Scholar
[20]	Curtarolo S, Setyawan W, Hart G L W 2012 Comput. Mater. Sci. 58 218 Google Scholar
[21]	Saal J E, Kirklin S, Aykol M, Meredig B, Wolverton C 2013 JOM 65 1501 Google Scholar
[22]	https://atomly.net [2020-9-17]
[23]	Ghadbeigi L, Harada J K, Lettiere B R, Sparks T D 2015 Energy Environ. Sci. 8 1640 Google Scholar
[24]	Huang S, Cole J M 2020 Sci. Data 7 260 Google Scholar
[25]	Li Y S, Qi Y 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 1286 Google Scholar
[26]	Tian H K, Chakraborty A, Talin A, Eisenlohr P, Qi Y 2020 J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 090541 Google Scholar
[27]	彭佳悦, 祖晨曦, 李泓 2013 储能科学与技术 2 55 Google Scholar Peng J Y, Zu C X, Li H 2013 Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 2 55 Google Scholar
[28]	Zu C X, Li H 2011 Energy Environ. Sci. 4 2614 Google Scholar
[29]	吴娇杨, 刘品, 胡勇胜, 李泓 2016 储能科学与技术 5 443 Google Scholar Wu J Y, Liu P, Hu Y S, Li H 2016 Energy Storage Sci. Technol. 5 443 Google Scholar
[30]	Wang L, Wu Z, Zou J, Gao P, Niu X, Li H, Chen L 2019 Joule 3 2086 Google Scholar
[31]	Cao W, Zhang J, Li H 2020 Energy Storage Mater. 26 46 Google Scholar
[32]	Ceder G 2011 MRS Bulletin 35 693 Google Scholar
[33]	Kirklin S, Saal J E, Meredig B, Thompson A, Doak J W, Aykol M, Rühl S, Wolverton C 2015 NPJ. Comput. Mater. 1 15010 Google Scholar
[34]	Jain A, Hautier G, Ong S P, Persson K 2016 J. Mater. Res. 31 977 Google Scholar
[35]	Hachmann J, Olivares-Amaya R, Atahan-Evrenk S, Amador-Bedolla C, Sánchez-Carrera R S, Gold-Parker A, Vogt L, Brockway A M, Aspuru-Guzik A 2011 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2 2241 Google Scholar
[36]	Shi S Q, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Ju W W, Ouyang C Y, Xiao R J 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 018212 Google Scholar
[37]	He B, Chi S, Ye A J, Mi P H, Zhang L W, Pu B W, Zou Z Y, Ran Y B, Zhao Q, Wang D, Zhang W Q, Zhao J T, Adams S, Avdeev M, Shi S 2020 Sci. Data 7 151 Google Scholar
[38]	Nuspl G, Takeuchi T, Weiß A, Kageyama H, Yoshizawa K, Yamabe T 1999 J. Appl. Phys. 86 5484 Google Scholar
[39]	He B, Ye A J, Chi S, Mi P H, Ran Y B, Zhang L W, Zou X X, Pu B W, Zhao Q, Zou Z Y, Wang D, Zhang W Q, Zhao J T, Avdeev M, Shi S 2020 Sci. Data 7 153 Google Scholar
[40]	Adams S, Rao R P 2011 Phys. Status Solidi A 208 1746 Google Scholar
[41]	Henkelman G, Jonsson H 2000 J. Chem. Phys. 113 9978 Google Scholar
[42]	Kirklin S, Meredig B, Wolverton C 2013 Advanced Energy Materials 3 252
[43]	Zhu Y, He X, Mo Y 2017 Adv. Sci. (Weinh) 4 1600517 Google Scholar
[44]	Wang X L, Xiao R J, Li H, Chen L Q 2016 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 21269 Google Scholar
[45]	Sendek A D, Cubuk E D, Antoniuk E R, Cheon G, Cui Y, Reed E J 2018 Chem. Mater. 31 342 Google Scholar
[46]	Liu B, Yang J, Yang H, Ye C, Mao Y, Wang J, Shi S, Yang J, Zhang W 2019 J. Mater. Chem. A 7 19961 Google Scholar
[47]	Wang A P, Kadam S, Li H, Shi S Q 2018 NPJ Comput. Mater. 4 15 Google Scholar
[48]	Liu Y, Zhao T L, Ju W W, Shi S Q 2017 J. Materiomics 3 159 Google Scholar
[49]	Liu Y, Guo B R, Zou X X, Li Y J, Shi S Q 2020 Energy Storage Mater. 31 434 Google Scholar

[1]	Xu Wei-Liang, Dang Rong-Bin, Yang Yang, Guo Qiu-Bo, Ding Fei-Xiang, Han Shuai, Tang Xiao-Han, Liu Yuan, Zuo Zhan-Chun, Wang Xiao-Qi, Yang Rui, Jin Xu, Rong Xiao-Hui, Hong Juan, Xu Ning, Hu Yong-Sheng. Magnesium doping improved characteristics of high voltage cycle of layered cathode of sodium ion battery. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(5): 058802. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20222098
[2]	Yang Yuan, Hu Nai-Fang, Jin Yong-Cheng, Ma Jun, Cui Guang-Lei. Research advance of lithium-rich cathode materials in all-solid-state lithium batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(11): 118801. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230258
[3]	Shi Xiao-Hong, Hou Bin-Peng, Li Zhi-Shuo, Chen Jing-Jin, Shi Xiao-Wen, Zhu Zi-Zhong. Formation of oxygen vacancy clusters in Li-rich Mn-based cathode Materials of lithium-ion batteries: First-principles calculations. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(7): 078201. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20222300
[4]	Cui Zi-Chun, Yang Mo-Han, Ruan Xiao-Peng, Fan Xiao-Li, Zhou Feng, Liu Wei-Min. High-throughput calculation of interfacial friction of two-dimensional material. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(2): 026801. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20221676
[5]	Lu Hui-Dong, Han Hong-Jing, Liu Jie. Simulation and property calculation for FA_1–_xCs_x PbI_3–_y Br_y: Structures and optoelectronical properties. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(3): 036301. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20201387
[6]	Yuan Jun-Peng, Liu Xiu-Ying, Li Xiao-Dong, Yu Jing-Xin. Molecular simulation for adsorption and separation of CH₄/H₂ in zeolites. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(15): 156801. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210101
[7]	Su Wen-Xia, Lu Hai-Ming, Zeng Zi-Rui, Zhang Yi-Fei, Liu Jian, Xu Kun, Wang Dun-Hui, Du You-Wei. High-throughput computation on relationship between composition and magnetic phase transition temperature of LaFe_11.5Si_1.5-based magnetic refrigeration materials. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(20): 207501. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20211085
[8]	Yin Yuan, Li Ling, Yin Wan-Jian. Theoretical and computational study on defects of solar cell materials. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(17): 177101. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200656
[9]	Su Jia-Hang, Wu Jun, Hu Si-De. Identification of spent nuclear fuel with multivariate analysis based on database. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(9): 090204. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20190107
[10]	Lu Ya-Xiang, Zhao Cheng-Long, Rong Xiao-Hui, Chen Li-Quan, Hu Yong-Sheng. Research progress of materials and devices for room-temperature Na-ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(12): 120601. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180847
[11]	Xiao Rui-Juan, Li Hong, Chen Li-Quan. Development of new lithium battery materials by material genome initiative. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(12): 128801. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20180657
[12]	Zhou Shuang, Feng Yong, Wu Wen-Yuan, Wang Wei-Hua. A novel method based on the fuzzy C-means clustering to calculate the maximal Lyapunov exponent from small data. Acta Physica Sinica, 2016, 65(2): 020502. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.020502
[13]	Luo Jun-Wei, Li Shu-Shen. Semiconductor Materials Genome Initiative: silicon-based light emission material. Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(20): 207803. doi: 10.7498/aps.64.207803
[14]	Bai Ying, Wang Bei, Zhang Wei-Feng. Nano-LiNiO2 as cathode material for lithium ion battery synthesized by molten salt method. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(6): 068202. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.068202
[15]	Ouyang Chu-Ying, Hu Guo-Jin. Influence of surface effect to the performance of LiMn2O4 cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2010, 59(8): 5863-5869. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.5863
[16]	Hou Xian-Hua, Hu She-Jun, Shi Lu. Preparation and properties of Sn-Ti alloy anode material for lithium ion batteries. Acta Physica Sinica, 2010, 59(3): 2109-2113. doi: 10.7498/aps.59.2109
[17]	Jin Xin, Zhang Xiao-Dan, Lei Zhi-Fang, Xiong Shao-Zhen, Song Feng, Zhao Ying. Synthesis and properties of nanocrystal up-converting materials for thin film solar cells. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(7): 4580-4584. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.4580
[18]	Shen Xiao-Zhi, Yuan Ping, Wang Jie, Guo Yi-Xiao, Qiao Hong-Zhen, Zhao Xue-Yan. Fit parameter to calculate transition probability. Acta Physica Sinica, 2008, 57(7): 4066-4069. doi: 10.7498/aps.57.4066
[19]	Zhang Xiao-Dan, Zhao Ying, Gao Yang-Tao, Zhu Feng, Wei Chang-Chun, Sun Jian, Geng Xin-Hua, Xiong Shao-Zhen. Fabrication of intrinsic microcrystalline silicon thin films used for solar cells and its structure. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(10): 4874-4878. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.4874
[20]	GUO CHANG-LIN, LU CHANG-WEI, SHEN DING-KUN, YU ZHI-ZHONG. STUDIES ON THE STRUCTURE OF AMORPHOUS MoS3 AS CATHODE MATERIALS IN LITHIUM BATTERIES. Acta Physica Sinica, 1985, 34(10): 1336-1341. doi: 10.7498/aps.34.1336

Catalog

Vol. 69, Issue 22 - 2020-11-20

Metrics

Abstract views: 9160
PDF Downloads: 510
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板