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Mesoscale eddy is a marine phenomenon occurring frequently in deep ocean, and it will disturb the sound speed in the upper water layer. As a result, the mesoscale eddies will influence the propagation of wing-generated noise and cause the noise field to vary. In this paper, we investigate the effects of mesoscale eddies on the vertical spatial characteristics (including the noise vertical directionality and the noise vertical correlation) of wind-generated noise at different depths of its horizontal center of the eddy. In the study, the Gaussian eddy model is used to describe the sound speed fluctuation, and the ray and parabolic equation theories are used to describe the noise propagating in the near field and far field, respectively. Simulations indicate as follows. 1) At the depth of the eddy center, a clod-core eddy causes both the width of the horizontal notch and the noise vertical correlation to decrease, while the effect of a warm-core eddy is contrary to that of the cold-core eddy. 2) At the depth far from the eddy center, the effect of eddies is reduced, a cold-core and a warm-core eddy only lead the peak at the down edge of the horizontal notch in the noise directionality to rise and fall, respectively, and do not influence the noise vertical correlation. 3) The effect of an eddy becomes severe as its absolute strength becomes higher. The ray reversion method based on the principle of reciprocity is used to explain the physical reason behind the above phenomena. By the method the rays are launched from the noise receiving point and the polar angle and the strength of the noise arriving reversely along the ray paths are analyzed. It is shown that the change of the polar angle and the strength of the noise arriving reversely along the surface reflected ray paths in the presence of eddies are the main cause for changing the noise vertical spatial characteristics. Furthermore, simulations show that the analyses and conclusions in the study are still approximately valid when the receiving point deviates from the eddy center but the horizontal distance between them is short.
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Keywords:
- eddy /
- wind-generated noise /
- vertical directionality /
- vertical correlation /
- ray model /
- parabolic equation model
[1] Carey W M, Evans R B 2011 Ocean Ambient Noise (New York: Springer) pp62−68
[2] Wenz G M 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1936
Google Scholar
[3] Yang T C, Yoo K 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101 2541
Google Scholar
[4] 蒋光禹, 孙超, 刘雄厚, 谢磊 2019 68 024302
Google Scholar
Jiang G Y, Sun C, Xie L, Liu X H 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 024302
Google Scholar
[5] Yoo K, Yang T C 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104 3326
Google Scholar
[6] Harrison C H 2018 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143 1689
Google Scholar
[7] Buckingham M J, Jones S A 1987 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81 938
Google Scholar
[8] Harrison C H, Simons D G 2002 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112 1377
Google Scholar
[9] Roux P, Kuperman W A, Group N 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 1995
Google Scholar
[10] Sabra K G, Roux P, Kuperman W A 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 164
Google Scholar
[11] Buckingham M J 2011 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129 3562
Google Scholar
[12] Etter P C 2018 Underwater Acoustic Modeling and Simulation (3rd Ed.) (New York: CRC Press) pp214−231, 188−190
[13] Cron B F, Sherman C H 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1732
Google Scholar
[14] Kuperman W A, Ingentio F 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67 1988
Google Scholar
[15] Liggett W S, Jacobson M J 1965 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 38 303
Google Scholar
[16] Harrison C H 1997 Appl. Acoust. 51 289
Google Scholar
[17] Carey W M, Evans R B, Davis J A, Botseas G 1990 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 15 324
Google Scholar
[18] Perkins J S, Kuperman W A, Ingentio F, Fialkowski L T 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 739
Google Scholar
[19] Hamson R M 1985 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78 1702
Google Scholar
[20] Deane G B, Buckingham M J, Tindle C T 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102 3413
Google Scholar
[21] Harison C H 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102 2655
Google Scholar
[22] Buckingham M J 2013 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134 950
Google Scholar
[23] 刘伯胜, 雷家煜 2010 水声学原理第二版 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社) 第23−30页
Liu B S, Lei J Y 2010 Principle of Underwater Acoustics 2nd (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University Press) pp23−30 (in Chinese)
[24] Urick R J 1975 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5 8
[25] Rouseff D, Tang D J 2006 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120 1284
Google Scholar
[26] 江鹏飞, 林建恒, 马力, 蒋国健 2013 声学学报 38 724
Jiang P F, Lin J H, Ma L, Jiang G J 2013 Acta Acustica 38 724
[27] 汤博 2019 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)
Tang B 2019 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy Sciences) (in Chinese)
[28] Weinberg N L, Clark J G 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68 703
Google Scholar
[29] Baer R N 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67 1180
Google Scholar
[30] Lawrence M W 1983 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73 474
Google Scholar
[31] Henrick R F, Burkom H S 1983 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73 173
Google Scholar
[32] Jian Y J, Zhang J, Liu S Q, Wang Y F 2009 Appl. Acoust. 70 432
Google Scholar
[33] Heaney K D, Campbell R L 2016 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 139 918
Google Scholar
[34] 李佳迅, 张韧, 陈奕德, 金宝刚 2011 海洋通报 30 37
Google Scholar
Li J X, Zhang R, Chen Y D, Jin B G 2011 Marin. Sci. Bull. 30 37
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
[38] 康颖 2014 硕士学位论文 (青岛: 中国海洋大学)
Kang Y 2004 M.S. Thesis (Qingdao: Ocean University of China) (in Chinese)
[39] Jesen F B, Kuperman W A, Porter M B, Schmidt H Computational Ocean Acoustics 2nd (Berlin: Springer Science Business Media) pp155−230, 457−527
[40] Munk W H 1974 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55 220
Google Scholar
[41] Poter M B https://oalib-acoustics.org/Rays/HLS-2010-1.pdf [2020-4-17]
[42] Collins M D https://oalib-acoustics.org/PE/RAM/ram.pdf [2020-4-17]
[43] Collins M D 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 1736
Google Scholar
[44] Collins M D 1994 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96 382
Google Scholar
[45] Cox H 1973 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54 1289
Google Scholar
[46] Poter M B https://oalib-acoustics.org/AcousticsToolbox/Kraken.pdf [2020-4-17]
[47] 周建波 2018 博士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学)
Zhou J B 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University) (in Chinese)
[48] Brekhovskikh L M, Lysanov Y P, Beyer R T 2003 Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics (3rd Ed.) (New York: Springer) pp50−52
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图 1 高斯涡模型示意图
Figure 1. Gaussian eddy model
图 2 噪声场模型几何示意图
Figure 2. Geometry of the noise model
图 3 仿真环境
Figure 3. Simulation environment
图 4 涡旋强度
$ D_{\rm c} $ 不同值时的声速分布 (a)$ D_{\rm c}=0 $ ; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-20 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (d)$ D_{\rm c}=20 $ ; (e)$ D_{\rm c}=40 $ Figure 4. Sound speed distribution with different
$ D_{\rm c} $ : (a)$ D_{\rm c}=0 $ ; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-20 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (d)$ D_{\rm c}=20 $ ; (e)$ D_{\rm c}=40 $ 
图 5 涡旋强度
$ D_{\rm c} $ 取不同值时, 不同深度上的噪声垂直方向性 (图中黑色虚线指示了水平凹槽下边缘峰值) (a)$ D_{\rm c}=0 $ ; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-20 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (d)$ D_{\rm c}=20 $ ; (e)$ D_{\rm c}=40 $ Figure 5. Noise vertical directionalities at different depths with different
$ D_{\rm c} $ (black dashed line in each subfigure indicates the location of the peak at the downward edge of the horizontal notch): (a)$ D_{\rm c}=0 $ ; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-20 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (d)$ D_{\rm c}=20 $ ; (e)$ D_{\rm c}=40 $ 
图 6 800和2000 m深度上, 涡旋强度
$ D_{\rm c} $ 取不同值时的噪声垂直方向性 (a) 800 m; (b) 2000 mFigure 6. Noise vertical directionalities with different
$ D_{\rm c} $ at 800 and 2000 m depths: (a) 800 m; (b) 2000 m
图 7 800 m深度上, 涡旋强度
$ D_{\rm c} $ 取不同值时的噪声垂直相关函数 (a)$ {\rm Re}\left[ \varGamma(d) \right] $ ; (b)$ {\rm{Im}}\left[ \varGamma(d) \right] $ Figure 7. Noise vertical correlation functions with different
$ D_{\rm c} $ at 800 m depth: (a)$ {\rm Re}\left[ \varGamma(d) \right] $ ; (b)$ {\rm{Im}}\left[ \varGamma(d) \right] $ 
图 8 2000 m深度上, 涡旋强度
$ D_{\rm c} $ 取不同值时的噪声垂直相关函数 (a)$ {\rm Re}\left[ \varGamma(d) \right] $ ; (b)$ {\rm{Im}}\left[ \varGamma(d) \right] $ Figure 8. Noise vertical correlation functions with different
$ D_{\rm c} $ at 2000 m depth: (a)$ {\rm Re}\left[ \varGamma(d) \right] $ ; (b)$ {\rm{Im}}\left[ \varGamma(d) \right] $ 
图 9
$ D_{\rm c} $ 取0,$ -40 $ 和40时, 以(0, 800 m)为发射点, 出射俯仰角为$95.5 ^\circ — 110.5 ^\circ$ 的声线轨迹图(图中绿色虚线、红色实线和灰色点线分别表示NR, SR和SRBR声线) (a)$ D_{\rm c}= $ 0; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}=40 $ Figure 9. Traces of the rays launching from the (0, 800 m) point with the launching polar angles varying within
$95.5 ^\circ - 110.5 ^\circ$ under the conditions where$ D_{\rm c} $ equals to 0,$ -40 $ , and 40 (green dashed lines, red solid lines and gray dotted lines in each subfigure indicate the NR, SR, and SRBR rays, respectively): (a)$ D_{\rm c} \!=\! $ 0; (b)$ D_{\rm c}\!=\! -40 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}\!=\! 40$ 
图 10
$ D_{\rm c} $ 取0,$ -40 $ 和40时, 40—50 km不同$ {\rm d}r $ 范围内的噪声源产生的噪声场在800 m深度上的垂直方向性$ B_r(\theta) $ (a)$ D_{\rm c}=0 $ ; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}=40 $ Figure 10. Noise vertical noise directionalities
$ B_r(\theta) $ generated by noise sources within$ {\rm d}r $ at 800 m depth with r varying from 40 to 50 km under the conditions where$ D_{\rm c} $ equals to 0,$ -40 $ , and 40: (a)$ D_{\rm c}=0 $ ; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}=40 $ 
图 11
$ D_{\rm c} $ 取0,$ -40 $ 和40时, 以(0, 2000 m)为发射点, 出射俯仰角为$95.5 ^\circ — 110.5 ^\circ$ 的声线轨迹图(图中绿色虚线、红色实线和灰色点线分别表示NR, SR和SRBR声线) (a)$ D_{\rm c}=0 $ ; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}=40 $ Figure 11. Traces of the rays launching from the (0, 2000 m) point with the launching polar angles varying within
$95.5 ^\circ - 110.5 ^\circ$ under the conditions where$ D_{\rm c} $ equals to 0,$ -40 $ , and 40 (green dashed lines, red solid lines and gray dotted lines in each subfigure indicate the NR, SR, and SRBR rays, respectively): (a)$ D_{\rm c}=0 $ ; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (c) Dc = 40
图 12
$ D_{\rm c} $ 取0,$ -40 $ 和40时, 40—50 km不同$ {\rm d}r $ 范围内的噪声源产生的噪声场在2000 m深度上的垂直方向性$ B_r(\theta) $ (a)$ D_{\rm c}=0 $ ; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}=40 $ Figure 12. Noise vertical noise directionalities
$ B_r(\theta) $ generated by noise sources within$ {\rm d}r $ at 2000 m depth with r varying from 40 to 50 km under the conditions where$ D_{\rm c} $ equals to 0,$ -40 $ , and 40: (a)$ D_{\rm c}=0 $ ; (b)$ D_{\rm c}=-40 $ ; (c)$ D_{\rm c}=40 $ 
图 13 几何俯视示意图
Figure 13. Downward-view geometry
图 14 800 m深度水平截面内的声速分布
Figure 14. Sound distribution in the 800 m depth cross section
图 15 使用Bellhop3D, 分别选择
${{N}} \times {\rm{2 D}}$ 和$ \rm 3 D $ 模式计算得到的$ O_{\rm R} $ 处800 m深度上的声源到噪声源深度(0.5 m)水平截面的传播损失 (a)${{N}} \times {\rm{2 D}}$ ; (b)${\rm{3 D}}$ Figure 15. Transmission loss from
$ O_{\rm R} $ 800 m depth to the noise sources depth (0.5 m) cross section computed by the Bellhop3D program in${{N}} \times {\rm{2D}}$ and 3D modes: (a) N × 2D; (b) 3D
图 16 800 m深度上, 偏心位置处仅考虑扇面1或扇面2内噪声源的贡献得到的噪声垂直方向性以及涡心位置处的噪声垂直方向性
Figure 16. Noise vertical directionalities at the off-center position 800 m depth generated by the noise sources within sector 1 and sector 2 in comparison with the noise vertical directionality at the eddy center 800 m depth
表 1
$ D_{\rm c} $ 取0,$ -40 $ 和40时, 以(0, 800 m)为发射点, 出射俯仰角大于$90 ^\circ$ 的声线中, SR声线的最小出射俯仰角$ \theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{min}}} $ 、最大出射俯仰角$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{max}}}$ 、中心出射俯仰角$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{c}}}$ 和出射俯仰角宽度$ \Delta \theta_{\rm{SR}} $ Table 1. Minimal lunching polar angle
$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{min}}}$ , maximal launching polar angle$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{max}}}$ , central launching polar angle$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{c}}}$ , and launching polar angle width$ \Delta \theta_{\rm{SR}} $ of the SR rays launching from the (0, 800 m) point with the launching polar angle being greater than$90 ^\circ$ under the conditions where$ D_{\rm c} $ equals to 0,$ -40 $ , and 40$ D_{\rm c} $ $\theta_{{\rm{SR} }, {\rm{min} }}$ $\theta_{{\rm{SR} }, {\rm{max} }}$ $\theta_{{\rm{SR} }, {\rm{c} }}$ $ \Delta \theta_{\rm{SR}} $ 0 104.3° 105.1° 104.70° 0.8° –40 109.3° 110.0° 109.65° 0.7° 40 96.3° 97.7° 97.00° 1.4° 
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表 2
$ D_{\rm c} $ 取0,$ -40 $ 和40时, 以(0, 2000 m)为发射点, 出射俯仰角大于$90 ^\circ$ 的声线中, SR声线的最小出射俯仰角$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{min}}}$ 、最大出射俯仰角$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{max}}}$ 、中心出射俯仰角$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{c}}}$ 和出射俯仰角宽度$ \Delta \theta_{\rm{SR}} $ Table 2. Minimal launching polar angle
$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{min}}}$ , maximal launching polar angle$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{max}}}$ , central launching polar angle$\theta_{{\rm{SR}}, {\rm{c}}}$ , and launching polar angle width$ \Delta \theta_{\rm{SR}} $ of the SR rays launching from the (0, 2000 m) point with the launching polar angle being greater than$90 ^\circ$ under the conditions where$ D_{\rm c} $ equals to 0,$ -40 $ , and 40$ D_{\rm c} $ $\theta_{{\rm{SR} }, {\rm{min} }}$ $\theta_{{\rm{SR} }, {\rm{max} }}$ $\theta_{{\rm{SR} }, {\rm{c} }}$ $ \Delta \theta_{\rm{SR}} $ 0 102.3° 103.4° 102.85° 1.1° –40 102.0° 103.4° 102.70° 1.4° 40 102.7° 103.4° 103.05° 0.7°
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[1] Carey W M, Evans R B 2011 Ocean Ambient Noise (New York: Springer) pp62−68
[2] Wenz G M 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1936
Google Scholar
[3] Yang T C, Yoo K 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101 2541
Google Scholar
[4] 蒋光禹, 孙超, 刘雄厚, 谢磊 2019 68 024302
Google Scholar
Jiang G Y, Sun C, Xie L, Liu X H 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 024302
Google Scholar
[5] Yoo K, Yang T C 1998 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104 3326
Google Scholar
[6] Harrison C H 2018 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 143 1689
Google Scholar
[7] Buckingham M J, Jones S A 1987 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81 938
Google Scholar
[8] Harrison C H, Simons D G 2002 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112 1377
Google Scholar
[9] Roux P, Kuperman W A, Group N 2004 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116 1995
Google Scholar
[10] Sabra K G, Roux P, Kuperman W A 2005 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117 164
Google Scholar
[11] Buckingham M J 2011 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129 3562
Google Scholar
[12] Etter P C 2018 Underwater Acoustic Modeling and Simulation (3rd Ed.) (New York: CRC Press) pp214−231, 188−190
[13] Cron B F, Sherman C H 1962 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34 1732
Google Scholar
[14] Kuperman W A, Ingentio F 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67 1988
Google Scholar
[15] Liggett W S, Jacobson M J 1965 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 38 303
Google Scholar
[16] Harrison C H 1997 Appl. Acoust. 51 289
Google Scholar
[17] Carey W M, Evans R B, Davis J A, Botseas G 1990 IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 15 324
Google Scholar
[18] Perkins J S, Kuperman W A, Ingentio F, Fialkowski L T 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 739
Google Scholar
[19] Hamson R M 1985 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78 1702
Google Scholar
[20] Deane G B, Buckingham M J, Tindle C T 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102 3413
Google Scholar
[21] Harison C H 1997 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102 2655
Google Scholar
[22] Buckingham M J 2013 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134 950
Google Scholar
[23] 刘伯胜, 雷家煜 2010 水声学原理第二版 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社) 第23−30页
Liu B S, Lei J Y 2010 Principle of Underwater Acoustics 2nd (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University Press) pp23−30 (in Chinese)
[24] Urick R J 1975 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 5 8
[25] Rouseff D, Tang D J 2006 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120 1284
Google Scholar
[26] 江鹏飞, 林建恒, 马力, 蒋国健 2013 声学学报 38 724
Jiang P F, Lin J H, Ma L, Jiang G J 2013 Acta Acustica 38 724
[27] 汤博 2019 博士学位论文 (北京: 中国科学院大学)
Tang B 2019 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing: University of Chinese Academy Sciences) (in Chinese)
[28] Weinberg N L, Clark J G 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68 703
Google Scholar
[29] Baer R N 1980 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67 1180
Google Scholar
[30] Lawrence M W 1983 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73 474
Google Scholar
[31] Henrick R F, Burkom H S 1983 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73 173
Google Scholar
[32] Jian Y J, Zhang J, Liu S Q, Wang Y F 2009 Appl. Acoust. 70 432
Google Scholar
[33] Heaney K D, Campbell R L 2016 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 139 918
Google Scholar
[34] 李佳迅, 张韧, 陈奕德, 金宝刚 2011 海洋通报 30 37
Google Scholar
Li J X, Zhang R, Chen Y D, Jin B G 2011 Marin. Sci. Bull. 30 37
Google Scholar
[35] Xiao Y, Li Z L, Li J, Liu J Q, Sabra K G 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 054301
Google Scholar
[36] Chen C, Jin T, Zhou Z Q 2019 Appl. Acoust. 150 190
Google Scholar
[37] Chen C, Gao Y, Yan F G, Zhou Z Q 2019 Acoust. Aust. 47 185
Google Scholar
[38] 康颖 2014 硕士学位论文 (青岛: 中国海洋大学)
Kang Y 2004 M.S. Thesis (Qingdao: Ocean University of China) (in Chinese)
[39] Jesen F B, Kuperman W A, Porter M B, Schmidt H Computational Ocean Acoustics 2nd (Berlin: Springer Science Business Media) pp155−230, 457−527
[40] Munk W H 1974 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55 220
Google Scholar
[41] Poter M B https://oalib-acoustics.org/Rays/HLS-2010-1.pdf [2020-4-17]
[42] Collins M D https://oalib-acoustics.org/PE/RAM/ram.pdf [2020-4-17]
[43] Collins M D 1993 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 1736
Google Scholar
[44] Collins M D 1994 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96 382
Google Scholar
[45] Cox H 1973 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54 1289
Google Scholar
[46] Poter M B https://oalib-acoustics.org/AcousticsToolbox/Kraken.pdf [2020-4-17]
[47] 周建波 2018 博士学位论文 (哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学)
Zhou J B 2018 Ph. D. Dissertation (Harbin: Harbin Engineering University) (in Chinese)
[48] Brekhovskikh L M, Lysanov Y P, Beyer R T 2003 Fundamentals of Ocean Acoustics (3rd Ed.) (New York: Springer) pp50−52
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