Electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation of high-power single-hole post-hole convolute

Wu Han-Yu; Zeng Zheng-Zhong; Qiu Meng-Tong; Zhang Xin-Jun; Guo Ning; Wei Hao

doi:10.7498/aps.68.20190535

Abstract

The post-hole convolutes (PHCs) are used in pulsed high-power generators to add the output currents of the magnetically insulated transmission lines (MITLs) and deliver the combined current to a single MITL. Then the single MITL delivers the combined current to the load. Magnetic insulation of electron flow is lost near the post-hole convolute (PHC) in the high-power generator. Although cathode plasma and anode ions are widely considered as the factors of the magnetic insulation collapse, there are some other factors that are needed to study. In this paper, the cathode negative ions are considered in the PIC simulation of a single-hole PHC. In this work, we examine the evolution and dynamics of the negative ions in the PHC. The simulation results demonstrate that there are no current losses while the cathode emits only electrons, little current losses (10 kA out of a total current of 900 kA) while the cathode emits plasma including electrons and ions, and obvious current losses (20 kA out of a total current of 900 kA) while the cathode emits plasma including the electrons, ions and negative ions. The results also indicate that the velocity of the negative ions is about 10 cm/μs, larger than that of the cathode plasma including the electrons and the ions. All results suggest that the cathode negative ions can play an important role in the magnetic insulation collapse, and should be considered carefully in experiment.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an 710024, China

Corresponding author: Wu Han-Yu, wuhanyu@nint.ac.cn ; Qiu Meng-Tong, Qiumengtong@nint.ac.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51790521, 51577156) and the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, China (Grant No. SKLIPR1701Z).

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References

[1]	Rose D V, Welch D R, Madrid E A, Miller C L, Clark R E, Stygar W A, Savage M E, Rochau G A, Bailey J E, Nash T J, Sceiford M E, Struve K W 2010 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 13 010402 Google Scholar
[2]	Mcbride R D, Jennings C A, Vesey R A, Rochau G A, Savage M E, Stygar W A, Cuneo M E, Sinars D B, Jones M, LeChien K R, Lopez M R, Moore J K, Struve K W, Wagoner T C, Waisman E M 2010 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 13 120401 Google Scholar
[3]	邹文康, 郭帆, 王贵林, 陈林, 卫兵, 宋盛义 2015 高电压技术 41 1844 Zou W K, Guo F, Wang G L, Chen L, Wei B, Song S Y 2015 High Voltage Engineering 41 1844
[4]	Stygar W A, Cuneo M E, Headley D I, Ives H C, Leeper R J, Mazarakis M G, Olson C L, Porter J L, Wagoner T C, Woodworth J R 2007 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 10 030401 Google Scholar
[5]	Stygar W A, Awe T J, Bailey J E, et al. 2015 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 18 110401 Google Scholar
[6]	Jennings C A, Chittenden J P, Cuneo M E, Stygar W A, Ampleford D J, Waisman E M, Jones M, Savage M E, LeChien K R, Wagoner T C 2010 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38 529 Google Scholar
[7]	Gomez M R, Gilgenbach R M, Cuneo M E, Jennings C A, McBride R D, Waisman E M, Hutsel B T, Stygar W A, Rose D V, Maron Y 2017 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 20 010401 Google Scholar
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[9]	Rose D V, Welch D R, Hughes T P, Clark R E, Stygar W A 2008 Phy. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 11 060401 Google Scholar
[10]	Madrid E A, Rose D V, Welch D R, Clark R E, Mostrom C B 2013 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 16 120401 Google Scholar
[11]	Rose D V, Madrid E A, Welch D R, Clark R E, Mostrom C B 2015 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 18 030402 Google Scholar
[12]	Pointon T D, Stygar W A, Spielman R B, Ives H C, Struve K W 2001 Phys. Plasmas 8 4534 Google Scholar
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[16]	张鹏飞, 李永东, 杨海亮, 邱爱慈, 刘纯亮, 王洪广, 郭帆, 苏兆锋, 孙剑锋, 孙江, 高屹 2011 强激光与粒子束 23 2239 Zhang P F, Li Y D, Yang H L, Qiu A C, Liu C L, Wang H G, Guo F, Su Z F, Sun J F, Sun J, Gao Y 2011 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23 2239
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[18]	郭帆, 邹文康, 陈林 2014 强激光与粒子束 26 045010 Guo F, Zou W K, Chen L 2014 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 26 045010
[19]	魏浩, 孙凤举, 呼义翔, 梁天学, 丛培天, 邱爱慈 2017 66 038402 Google Scholar Wei H, Sun F J, Hu Y X, Liang T X, Cong P T, Qiu A C 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 038402 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 仿真模型的结构示意图　(a) 单孔PHC及三板传输线剖面图(单位: mm); (b) 单孔PHC及三板传输线俯视图(单位: mm)

Figure 1. The configuration of the simulated model:　(a) The cutaway drawing of the single-hole PHC and the tri-plated transmission line (units: mm); (b) the vertical drawing of the single-hole PHC and the tri-plated transmission line (units: mm).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 仿真计算时馈入的理想电压信号

Figure 2. The forward voltage waveform used in simulation.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 阴极发射电子时, 单孔PHC的上/下游电流

Figure 3. The upstream and the downstream currents of the single-hole PHC while the cathode emitted only electrons

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 阴极发射等离子体时, 单孔PHC的上/下游电流

Figure 4. The upstream and the downstream currents of the single-hole PHC while the cathode emitted electrons and ions.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 柱-孔附近等离子体随时间运动分布的二维图, 紫色代表电子, 黄色代表质子(横坐标和纵坐标单位: m)　(a) t = 15.8535 ns; (b) t = 23.7802 ns; (c) t = 31.7069 ns; (d) t = 55.4871 ns; (e) t = 71.3401 ns; (f) t = 103.0475 ns

Figure 5. Particles distribution near the convolute of the plasmas motion, the purple is electrons, the yellow is ions (unit of the Y/Z-axis: m): (a) t = 15.8535 ns; (b) t = 23.7802 ns; (c) t = 31.7069 ns; (d) t = 55.4871 ns; (e) t = 71.3401 ns; (f) t = 103.0475 ns.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 20 ns时刻, 阴极等离子体的密度分布

Figure 6. Density distribution of the cathode plasma when time is 20 ns.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 等离子体密度前沿位置随时间变化曲线

Figure 7. Motion curve of the front of the plasma density.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 阴极等离子体含负离子时, 单孔PHC的上/下游电流

Figure 8. The upstream and the downstream currents of the single-hole PHC while the cathode emitted electrons, ions, and negative ions.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 柱-孔附近等离子体随时间运动分布的二维图(横坐标和纵坐标单位: m)　(a) t = 15.4005 ns; (b) t = 21.7419 ns; (c) t = 34.4247 ns; (d) t = 59.7902 ns; (e) t = 97.8381 ns; (f) t = 108.6064 ns

Figure 9. Particles distribution near the convolute of the plasmas motion (unit of the Y/Z-axis: m): (a) t = 15.4005 ns; (b) t = 21.7419 ns; (c) t = 34.4247 ns; (d) t = 59.7902 ns; (e) t = 97.8381 ns; (f) t = 108.6064 ns.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 负离子密度前沿位置随时间变化曲线

Figure 10. Motion curve of the front of the negative density.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 阴阳极间隙闭合速率

Figure 11. Experimental data of the gap closure speed.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	Rose D V, Welch D R, Madrid E A, Miller C L, Clark R E, Stygar W A, Savage M E, Rochau G A, Bailey J E, Nash T J, Sceiford M E, Struve K W 2010 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 13 010402 Google Scholar
[2]	Mcbride R D, Jennings C A, Vesey R A, Rochau G A, Savage M E, Stygar W A, Cuneo M E, Sinars D B, Jones M, LeChien K R, Lopez M R, Moore J K, Struve K W, Wagoner T C, Waisman E M 2010 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 13 120401 Google Scholar
[3]	邹文康, 郭帆, 王贵林, 陈林, 卫兵, 宋盛义 2015 高电压技术 41 1844 Zou W K, Guo F, Wang G L, Chen L, Wei B, Song S Y 2015 High Voltage Engineering 41 1844
[4]	Stygar W A, Cuneo M E, Headley D I, Ives H C, Leeper R J, Mazarakis M G, Olson C L, Porter J L, Wagoner T C, Woodworth J R 2007 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 10 030401 Google Scholar
[5]	Stygar W A, Awe T J, Bailey J E, et al. 2015 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 18 110401 Google Scholar
[6]	Jennings C A, Chittenden J P, Cuneo M E, Stygar W A, Ampleford D J, Waisman E M, Jones M, Savage M E, LeChien K R, Wagoner T C 2010 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38 529 Google Scholar
[7]	Gomez M R, Gilgenbach R M, Cuneo M E, Jennings C A, McBride R D, Waisman E M, Hutsel B T, Stygar W A, Rose D V, Maron Y 2017 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 20 010401 Google Scholar
[8]	廖臣, 刘大刚, 刘盛刚 2009 58 6709 Google Scholar Liao C, Liu D G, Liu S G 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 6709 Google Scholar
[9]	Rose D V, Welch D R, Hughes T P, Clark R E, Stygar W A 2008 Phy. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 11 060401 Google Scholar
[10]	Madrid E A, Rose D V, Welch D R, Clark R E, Mostrom C B 2013 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 16 120401 Google Scholar
[11]	Rose D V, Madrid E A, Welch D R, Clark R E, Mostrom C B 2015 Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams 18 030402 Google Scholar
[12]	Pointon T D, Stygar W A, Spielman R B, Ives H C, Struve K W 2001 Phys. Plasmas 8 4534 Google Scholar
[13]	Oliver B V, Ottinger P F, Genoni T C, Schumer J W, Strasburg S, Swanekamp S B, Cooperstein G 2004 Phys. Plasmas 11 3976 Google Scholar
[14]	Ottinger P F, Schumer J W 2006 Phys. Plasmas 13 063109 Google Scholar
[15]	刘腊群, 蒙林, 邓建军, 宋盛义, 邹文康, 刘大刚, 刘盛刚 2010 59 1643 Google Scholar Liu L Q, Meng L, Deng J J, Song S Y, Zou W K, Liu D G, Liu S G 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 1643 Google Scholar
[16]	张鹏飞, 李永东, 杨海亮, 邱爱慈, 刘纯亮, 王洪广, 郭帆, 苏兆锋, 孙剑锋, 孙江, 高屹 2011 强激光与粒子束 23 2239 Zhang P F, Li Y D, Yang H L, Qiu A C, Liu C L, Wang H G, Guo F, Su Z F, Sun J F, Sun J, Gao Y 2011 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23 2239
[17]	吴撼宇, 曾正中, 丛培天, 张信军 2011 强激光与粒子束 23 845 Wu H Y, Zeng Z Z, Cong P T, Zhang X J 2011 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23 845
[18]	郭帆, 邹文康, 陈林 2014 强激光与粒子束 26 045010 Guo F, Zou W K, Chen L 2014 High Power Laser and Particle Beams 26 045010
[19]	魏浩, 孙凤举, 呼义翔, 梁天学, 丛培天, 邱爱慈 2017 66 038402 Google Scholar Wei H, Sun F J, Hu Y X, Liang T X, Cong P T, Qiu A C 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 038402 Google Scholar
[20]	Vandevender J P, Stinnett R W, Anderson R J 1981 Appl. Phys. Lett. 38 229 Google Scholar
[21]	Swegle J 1983 J. Appl. Phys. 54 3534 Google Scholar
[22]	Zhu D N, Zhang J, Zhong H H, Gao J M, Bai Z 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 020501 Google Scholar

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Vol. 68, Issue 17 - 2019-09-05

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