Research progress of light out-coupling in organic light-emitting diodes with non-period micro/nanostructures

Liu Meng-Jiao; Zhang Xin-Wen; Wang Jiong; Qin Ya-Bo; Chen Yue-Hua; Huang Wei

doi:10.7498/aps.67.20181209

Abstract

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) possess a number of advantages such as low power consumption, light weight, wide color gamut, high response speed, and high contrast ratio. They have received widespread attention due to their tremendous commercial applications in the fields of full-color flat panel display and solid-state lighting. Although nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency of OLED has been achieved through adopting phosphorescence or thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters. However, the majority of light generated in an emitting layer is confined within the whole device but does not escape into air due to the induced surface plasmons at the interface between metal and dielectric layers as well as the differences in refractive index between layers of OLED structures including air, glass substrate, transparent electrode as well as organic or inorganic layers. The external quantum efficiency for an OLED with a flat glass substrate is limited to~20%. A low light out-coupling efficiency severely restricts the development and application of OLED. Therefore, enhancing the light out-coupling efficiency of OLED via light extraction technology offers the greatest potential for achieving a substantial increase in the external quantum efficiency of OLED and has been one of the most attractive projects. Up to now, lots of light out-coupling technologies such as micro-lens arrays, photonic crystal, Bragg mirrors and periodic grating have been suggested to enhance the out-coupling efficiency of OLEDs. However, the periodic light out-coupling structures have a limitation that the electroluminescence intensity and spectrum of OLED usually depend on the viewing angle. The angular dependence of the emission characteristic does not hold true for actual display applications due to its deviation from the Lambertian intensity distribution. In this review, we present recent research progress of using non-period micro/nanostructures to improve the light out-coupling efficiency of OLED. In contrast to the emission directionality for OLED using periodic light out-coupling structures, the luminance distribution and spectral stability of OLED based on non-period micro/nanostructures are insensitive to viewing angle. Various light out-coupling techniques such as random micro/nano lens structure, light scattering medium layer, polymer porous scattering films, random concave-convex corrugated structure, and random buckled structure are summarized and discussed. These techniques have the potential applications in displays and solid-state lighting. Finally, summary and prospects regarding to light-coupling techniques of OLEDs are presented.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
National Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China

Corresponding author: Zhang Xin-Wen, iamxwzhang@njupt.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61774088, 61705112), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2014CB648300), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant Nos. BK20170913, BK20161519), and the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (Grant No. YX03001).

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Cited By

[1]	Tang C W, Vanslyke S A, Chen C H 1989 J. Appl. Phys. 65 3610
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[3]	McCarthy M A, Rinzler A G 2011 Science 332 570
[4]	Shen J, Li F, Cao Z, Barat D, Tu G 2017 ACS Appl. Mat. Interfaces 9 14990
[5]	Kessler F, Watanabe Y, Sasabe H, Katagiri H, Nazeeruddin M K, Grtzel M, Kido J 2013 J. Mater. Chem. C 1 1070
[6]	Eom S H, Wrzesniewski E, Xue J G 2011 J. Photon. Energy 1 011002
[7]	Xu L, Tang C W, Rothberg L J 2016 Org. Electron. 32 54
[8]	Han J H, Kim D H, Choi K C 2015 Opt. Express 23 19863
[9]	Zhang X W, Hu Q 2012 Acta Phys. Sin. 61 207802 (in Chinese)[张新稳, 胡琦 2012 61 207802]
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[12]	Sun Y, Giebink N C, Kanno H, Ma B, Thompson M E, Forrest S R 2006 Nature 440 908
[13]	Wang Q, Ma D 2010 Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 2387
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[15]	Lee J I, Lee J, Lee J W, Cho D H, Shin J W, Han J H, Chu H Y 2012 ETRI J. 34 690
[16]	Adachi C, Kwong R C, Djurovich P, Adamovich V, Baldo M A, Thompson M E, Forrest S R 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 2082
[17]	Tokito S, Iijima T, Suzuri Y, Kita H, Tsuzuki T, Sato F 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 569
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Vol. 67, Issue 20 - 2018-10-20

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