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Microfluidic is of great significance for biomedical research and chemical engineering. The mixing of liquids is an essential and necessary procedure for the sample preparation. Due to the low Reynolds number, laminar flow is dominant in a microfluidic channel and it is difficult to mix the fluids in the microchannel quickly and effectively. To improve the mixing efficiency of the liquids in microfluidic channels, we develop an acoustic mixer based on single microbubble oscillation. By designing the cylinder structure on the bottom surface, when the fluid flows through cylinder structure with a diameter of 40 m, the microbubble can be generated by the surface tension of the liquid. The device is fabricated by using standard soft lithography and the replica moulding technique, ensuring the stability and repeatability of the mixing. A piezoelectric transducer (PZT) with a resonant frequency of 165 kHz is attached to the polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic device on the glass substrate by ultrasound coupling gel. When the microbubble is excited by the PZT at a resonant frequency of 165 kHz, microbubble oscillates immediately. To verify whether ultrasound can induce microbubble cavitation, a passive cavitation detection system is established. The results show that the higher harmonics can be detected, indicating that the stable cavitation occurs. The microstreaming induced by the oscillating microbubble disturbs the fluid dramatically, achieving the mixture of liquids. Particle image velocimetry method is utilized to characterize the microstreaming, and a pair of counter-rotating vortices in the microchannel is detected. Furthermore, to test the performance of the device, the deionized water and rhodamine B are injected into the Y-shape microchannel. Relative mixing index is used to quantitatively analyze the mixing performance by measuring the grayscale values of the optical images. The results indicate that with the increase of the input power, mixing time can be shortened correspondingly. When the input power is 14.76 W, the mixing process is ultrafast, within 37.5 ms the high mixing uniformity can be achieved to be 92.7%. With the advantages of simple design, high efficient and ultrafast mixing, and low power consumption, this oscillating microbubble-based acoustic micromixer may provide a powerful tool for various biochemical studies and applications.
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Keywords:
- biomedical ultrasound /
- single microbubble /
- oscillation /
- microstreaming
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[1] Jia X, Wang W, Han Q, Wang Z, Jia Y, Hu Z 2016 ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 7 429
[2] Kastania A S, Tsougeni K, Papadakis G, Gizeli E, Kokkoris G, Tserepi A, Gogolides E 2016 Anal. Chim. Acta 942 58
[3] Othman R, Vladisavljević G T, Bandulasena H C H, Nagy Z K 2015 Chem. Eng. J. 280 316
[4] Lee C Y, Fu L M 2017 Sensor Actuat. B:Chem. 259 677
[5] Sritharan K, Strobl C J, Schneider M F, Wixforth 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 054102
[6] Ai X P, Ni B Y 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 234702 (in Chinese) [艾旭鹏, 倪宝玉 2017 66 234702]
[7] Chen X, Zhang L 2017 Microchim. Acta 184 3639
[8] De B D, Recht M I, Bhagat A A, Torres F E, Bell A G, Bruce R H 2011 Lab. Chip 11 3313
[9] Lang Q, Ren Y, Hobson D, Tao Y, Hou L K, Jia Y K, Hu Q M, Liu J W, Zhao X, Jiang H Y 2016 Biomicrofluidics 10 064102
[10] De L F, Soref R A, Vmm P 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 3401
[11] Abbas Y, Miwa J, Zengerle R, Stetten F V 2013 Micromachines 4 80
[12] Xia Q, Zhong S 2012 J. Visual-Japan 15 57
[13] Luong T D, Phan V N, Nguyen N T 2011 Microfluid. Nanofluid. 10 619
[14] Shilton R, Tan M K, Yeo L Y, Friend J R 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 014910
[15] Chen X, Li T 2017 Chem. Eng. J. 313 1406
[16] Huang P H, Xie Y, Ahmed D, Rufo J, Nama N, Chen Y C, Chan C Y, Huang T J 2013 Lab Chip 13 3847
[17] Razmkhah M, Moosavi F, Mosavian M T H, Ahmadpour A 2018 Desalination 432 55
[18] Prosperetti A 1977 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 61 17
[19] Coussios C C, Farny C H, Haar G T, Roy R A 2007 Int. J. Hyperther. 23 105
[20] Birkin P R, Offin D G, Vian C J, Leighton T G, Maksimov A O 2011 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130 3297
[21] Crum L A 1984 Ultrasonics 22 215
[22] Lu Y G, Wu X H 2011 Acta Phys. Sin. 60 046202 (in Chinese) [卢义刚, 吴雄慧 2011 60 046202]
[23] Hu Y, Ge Y, Zhang D, Zheng H R, Gong X F 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 4746 (in Chinese) [胡艺, 葛云, 章东, 郑海荣, 龚秀芬 2009 58 4746]
[24] Ahmed D, Ozcelik A, Bojanala N, Nama N, Upadhyay A, Chen Y, Hanna-Rose W, Huang T J 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 11085
[25] Miller D L 1988 J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84 1378
[26] Marmottant P, Hilgenfeldt S 2003 Nature 423 153
[27] Patel M V, Nanayakkara I A, Simon M G, Lee A P 2014 Lab Chip 14 3860
[28] Meng L, Cai F, Jiang P, Deng Z T, Li F, Niu L L, Chen Y, Wu J R, Zheng H R 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 073701
[29] Yu J, Guo X S, Tu J, Zhang D 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 094306 (in Chinese) [于洁, 郭霞生, 屠娟, 章东 2015 64 094306]
[30] Hashmi A, Xu J 2014 J. Lab. Auto. 19 488
[31] Bertin N, Spelman T A, Combriat T, Hue H, Stphan O, Lauga E, Marmottant P 2017 Lab Chip 17 1515
[32] Arden J, Deltau G, Huth V, Kringel U, Peros D, Dreshage K H 1991 J. Lumen. 48 352
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