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A lot of electromagnetic anomalies observed by satellites before earthquakes indicate that there is interrelation between earthquake and ionosphere.China seismo-electromagnetic satellite (CSES) is the first Chinese space-based platform of three-dimensional earthquake monitoring system.The scientific payload of plasma analyzing package (PAP) aboard CSES is designed to study the possible influence of the seismic activity on the ionospheric plasma and thereby to monitor the earthquakes from space.The PAP is made up of three sensors,retarding potential analyzer (RPA),ion drift meter (IDM),and ion capture meter (ICM).The main objective of IDM is to detect the ion bulk velocity from-3 to 3 km/s with a precision better than 20 m/s,perpendicular to the sensor-look direction. The IDM sensor consists of six-layer grids and a collector.The grid is made of beryllium copper,plated with gold.Polyimide is used to achieve electrical insulation between grids.The grid transmission rate of signal layer is designed to be 82.64%,and total transmission rate of six layers is 31.85%.To ensure the performance of IDM,the side length of the square aperture and the depth of the sensor are designed to be 40 and 20 mm,respectively.The radius of segmented planar collector is 50 mm.The arrival angle of the ions is determined by measuring the ratio between the currents from the different electrically isolated collector segments.Accordingly,velocity perpendicular to the sensor-look direction is calculated,based on arrival angle and ion velocity parallel to the sensor-look direction which is measured by the RPA. In addition,a wide-range and high-precision current measurement circuit is designed to measure the current of IDM.The preamplifier circuit has three measurement ranges,providing different amplification factors.The right measurement range is chosen automatically by the field programmable gate array (FPGA).The test results show that the circuit provides a total measuring dynamic range from 20 pA to 6A with an accuracy better than 0.4%. Finally,the method of testing in the plasma environment and the measurement results are discussed.The plasma environment test of the IDM flight model is carried out in the Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology,National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF-IAPS).Since the plasma source is fixed to a large volume vacuum tank,the arrival angle of the plasma with respect to the sensor-look direction is changed by horizontally or vertically mounted IDM on the rotating platform in the vacuum tank.As the platform rotates,the performance of IDM is proved by testing different ion arrival angles in vacuum tank.The ion velocities along the Y and Z axes of the spacecraft are validated by testing the horizontal arrival angle and the vertical arrival angle respectively.The IDM test data are consistent with those obtained under the setting angle of the rotating platform.The experimental results show that the detector has good performance and will fulfill the mission goal of monitoring the bulk velocity of ion,perpendicular to the sensor-look direction.
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Keywords:
- plasma analyzing package /
- ion drift meter /
- seismo-electromagnetic satellite /
- ion drift velocity
[1] Liu J, Huang J P, Zhang X M, Shen X H 2013 Acta Seismol. Sin. 35 72 (in Chinese)[刘静, 黄建平, 张学民, 申旭辉2013地震学报35 72]
[2] Yan R, Wang L W, Hu Z, Liu D P, Zhang X G, Zhang Y 2013 Acta Seismol. Sin. 35 498 (in Chinese)[颜蕊, 王兰炜, 胡哲, 刘大鹏, 张兴国, 张宇2013地震学报35 498]
[3] Sarkar S, Choudhary S, Sonakia A, Vishwakarma A, Gwal A K 2012 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 12 671
[4] Yao L 2011 Postdoctoral Research Report (Beijing:Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration) (in Chinese)[姚丽2011博士后研究工作报告(北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所)]
[5] Zhang X M, Liu J, Shen X H, Parrot M, Qian J D, Ouyang X Y, Zhao S F, Huang J P 2010 Chinese J. Geophys. 53 567
[6] Jiao Q S, Yan R, Zhang J F 2011 Earthquake 31 68 (in Chinese)[焦其松, 颜蕊, 张景发2011地震31 68]
[7] Zhu R 2007 M.S. Thesis (Beijing:Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration) (in Chinese)[朱荣2007硕士学位论文(北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所)]
[8] Yan X X, Shan X J, Cao J B, Tang J 2014 Chinese J. Geophys. 57 364 (in Chinese)[闫相相, 单新建, 曹晋滨, 汤吉2014地球 57 364]
[9] Liu J, Wan W X 2014 Chinese J. Geophys. 57 2181 (in Chinese)[刘静, 万卫星2014地球 57 2181]
[10] Ding J H, Shen X H, Pan W Y, Zhang J, Yu S R, Li G, Guan H P 2006 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 21 791 (in Chinese)[丁鉴海, 申旭辉, 潘威炎, 张晶, 余素荣, 李纲, 关华平2006电波科学学报21 791]
[11] Nilupar T, Zhang Y X 2012 Earthquake 32 103 (in Chinese)[尼鲁帕尔买买吐孙, 张永仙2012地震32 103]
[12] Zhao G Z, Chen X B, Cai J T 2007 Progress in Geophysics 22 667 (in Chinese)[赵国泽, 陈小斌, 蔡军涛2007地球物理学进展22 667]
[13] Wang L W, Shen X H, Zhang Y, Zhang X G, Hu Z, Yan R, Yuan S G, Zhu X H 2016 Acta Seismol. Sin. 38 376 (in Chinese)[王兰炜, 申旭辉, 张宇, 张兴国, 胡哲, 颜蕊, 袁仕耿, 朱兴鸿2016地震学报38 376]
[14] Zheng X Z, Zhang A B, Guan Y B, Liu C, Wang W J, Tian Z, Kong L G, Sun Y Q 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 079401 (in Chinese)[郑香脂, 张爱兵, 关燚炳, 刘超, 王文静, 田峥, 孔令高, 孙悦强2017 66 079401]
[15] Berthelier J J, Godefroy M, Leblanc F 2006 Planet. Space Sci. 54 487
[16] Rich F J 1994 Research Report of Massachusetts:Air Force Phillips Hanscom AFB 1994-06
[17] Feng Y B 2011 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)[冯宇波2011博士学位论文(北京:中国科学院大学)]
[18] Stoneback R A, Davidson R L, Heelis R A 2012 J. Geophys. Res. 117 A08323
[19] Heelis R A, Hanson W B 1998 Measur. Tech. Space Plasmas Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 102 61
[20] Heelis R A, Hanson W B, Lippincott C R, Zuccaro D R 1982 Research Report of Space Science Instrumentation NASA-CR-166795
[21] Vannaroni G, Michele D S, Giammaria F, Bruno R, Parisi M 2010 Research Report of INAF/IFSI INAF/IFSI-2010-6
[22] Vannaroni G, Bruno R, Giammaria F, Pietropaolo E, Parisi M 2009 Research Report of INAF/IFSI INAF/IFSI-2009-18
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[1] Liu J, Huang J P, Zhang X M, Shen X H 2013 Acta Seismol. Sin. 35 72 (in Chinese)[刘静, 黄建平, 张学民, 申旭辉2013地震学报35 72]
[2] Yan R, Wang L W, Hu Z, Liu D P, Zhang X G, Zhang Y 2013 Acta Seismol. Sin. 35 498 (in Chinese)[颜蕊, 王兰炜, 胡哲, 刘大鹏, 张兴国, 张宇2013地震学报35 498]
[3] Sarkar S, Choudhary S, Sonakia A, Vishwakarma A, Gwal A K 2012 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 12 671
[4] Yao L 2011 Postdoctoral Research Report (Beijing:Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration) (in Chinese)[姚丽2011博士后研究工作报告(北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所)]
[5] Zhang X M, Liu J, Shen X H, Parrot M, Qian J D, Ouyang X Y, Zhao S F, Huang J P 2010 Chinese J. Geophys. 53 567
[6] Jiao Q S, Yan R, Zhang J F 2011 Earthquake 31 68 (in Chinese)[焦其松, 颜蕊, 张景发2011地震31 68]
[7] Zhu R 2007 M.S. Thesis (Beijing:Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration) (in Chinese)[朱荣2007硕士学位论文(北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所)]
[8] Yan X X, Shan X J, Cao J B, Tang J 2014 Chinese J. Geophys. 57 364 (in Chinese)[闫相相, 单新建, 曹晋滨, 汤吉2014地球 57 364]
[9] Liu J, Wan W X 2014 Chinese J. Geophys. 57 2181 (in Chinese)[刘静, 万卫星2014地球 57 2181]
[10] Ding J H, Shen X H, Pan W Y, Zhang J, Yu S R, Li G, Guan H P 2006 Chin. J. Radio Sci. 21 791 (in Chinese)[丁鉴海, 申旭辉, 潘威炎, 张晶, 余素荣, 李纲, 关华平2006电波科学学报21 791]
[11] Nilupar T, Zhang Y X 2012 Earthquake 32 103 (in Chinese)[尼鲁帕尔买买吐孙, 张永仙2012地震32 103]
[12] Zhao G Z, Chen X B, Cai J T 2007 Progress in Geophysics 22 667 (in Chinese)[赵国泽, 陈小斌, 蔡军涛2007地球物理学进展22 667]
[13] Wang L W, Shen X H, Zhang Y, Zhang X G, Hu Z, Yan R, Yuan S G, Zhu X H 2016 Acta Seismol. Sin. 38 376 (in Chinese)[王兰炜, 申旭辉, 张宇, 张兴国, 胡哲, 颜蕊, 袁仕耿, 朱兴鸿2016地震学报38 376]
[14] Zheng X Z, Zhang A B, Guan Y B, Liu C, Wang W J, Tian Z, Kong L G, Sun Y Q 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 079401 (in Chinese)[郑香脂, 张爱兵, 关燚炳, 刘超, 王文静, 田峥, 孔令高, 孙悦强2017 66 079401]
[15] Berthelier J J, Godefroy M, Leblanc F 2006 Planet. Space Sci. 54 487
[16] Rich F J 1994 Research Report of Massachusetts:Air Force Phillips Hanscom AFB 1994-06
[17] Feng Y B 2011 Ph. D. Dissertation (Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences) (in Chinese)[冯宇波2011博士学位论文(北京:中国科学院大学)]
[18] Stoneback R A, Davidson R L, Heelis R A 2012 J. Geophys. Res. 117 A08323
[19] Heelis R A, Hanson W B 1998 Measur. Tech. Space Plasmas Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 102 61
[20] Heelis R A, Hanson W B, Lippincott C R, Zuccaro D R 1982 Research Report of Space Science Instrumentation NASA-CR-166795
[21] Vannaroni G, Michele D S, Giammaria F, Bruno R, Parisi M 2010 Research Report of INAF/IFSI INAF/IFSI-2010-6
[22] Vannaroni G, Bruno R, Giammaria F, Pietropaolo E, Parisi M 2009 Research Report of INAF/IFSI INAF/IFSI-2009-18
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