Quantum secure direct communication

Li Xi-Han

doi:10.7498/aps.64.160307

Abstract

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is one of the most important branches of quantum communication. In contrast to the quantum key distribution (QKD) which distributes a secure key between distant parties, QSDC directly transmits secret message instead of sharing key in advance. To establish a secure QSDC protocol, on the one hand, the security of the quantum channel should be confirmed before the exchange of the secret message. On the other hand, the quantum state should be transmitted in a quantum data block since the security of QSDC is based on the error rate analysis in the theories on statistics. Compared with the deterministic quantum key distribution (DQKD) which can also be used to transmit deterministic information, QSDC schemes do not need extra classical bits to read the secret message except for public discussion. In this article, we introduce the basic principles of QSDC and review the development in this field by introducing typical QSDC protocols chronologically. The first QSDC protocol was proposed by Long and Liu, which can be used to establish a common key between distant parties. In their scheme, the method for transmitting quantum states in a block by block way and in multiple steps was proposed and the information leakage before eavesdropping detection was solved. Subsequently, Deng et al. presented two pioneering QSDC schemes, an entangled-state-based two-step QSDC scheme and a single-photon-state-based quantum one-time pad scheme, in which the basic principle and criteria for QSDC were pointed out. From then on, many interesting QSDC schemes have been proposed, including the high-dimension QSDC scheme based on quantum superdense coding, multi-step QSDC scheme based on Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, QSDC scheme based on quantum encryption with practical non-maximally entangled quantum channel, and so on. We also introduce the anti-noise QSDC schemes which were designed for coping with the collective-dephasing noise and the collective-rotation noise, respectively. In 2011, Wang et al. presented the first QSDC which exploited the hyperentangled state as the information carrier and several QSDC schemes based on the spatial degree of freedom (DOF) of photon, single-photon multi-DOF state and hyperentanglement were proposed subsequently. In addition to the point-to-point QSDC schemes, we also review the QSDC networks. Finally, a perspective of QSDC research is given in the last section.

Keywords:

quantum communication /
quantum secure direct communication /
quantum secure direct communication network

Authors and contacts

Li Xi-Han

1.
College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China;Department of Physics and Computer Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo N2L3C5, Canada
Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11004258) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (Grant No. CQDXWL-2012-014).

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Cited By

[1]	Bennett C H, Brassard G 1984 Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computers, System and Signal Processing (Bangalore: IEEE) p175
[2]	Ekert A K 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 661
[3]	Bennett C H, Brassard G, Mermin N D 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 557
[4]	Deng F G, Long G L 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 042315
[5]	Deng F G, Long G L 2004 Phys. Rev. A 70 012311
[6]	Li X H, Deng F G, Zhou H Y 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 022321
[7]	Beige A, Englert B G, Kurtsiefer C, Weinfurter H 2002 Acta Phys. Pol. A 101 357
[8]	Yan F L, Zhang X 2004 Eur. Phys. J. B 41 75
[9]	Gao T, Fan F L, Wang Z X 2005 J. Phys. A 38 5761
[10]	Man Z X, Zhang Z J, Li Y 2005 Chin. Phys. Lett. 22 18
[11]	Man Z X, Zhang Z J, Li Y 2005 Chin. Phys. Lett. 22 22
[12]	Zhu A D, Xia Y, Fan Q B, Zhang S 2006 Phys. Rev. A 73 022338
[13]	Lee H, Lim J, Yang H 2006 Phys. Rev. A 73 042305
[14]	Wang J, Zhang Q, Tang C J 2006 Int. J. Quantum Inf. 4 925
[15]	Wang J, Zhang Q, Tang C J 2006 Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 17 685
[16]	Wang H F, Zhang S, Yeon K H, Um C I 2006 J. Korean Phys. Soc. 49 459
[17]	Chang Y, Zhang S B, Yan L L, Li J 2014 Chin. Sci. Bull. 59 2835
[18]	Li X H, Deng F G, Li C Y, Liang Y J, Zhou P, Zhou H Y 2006 J. Korean Phys. Soc. 49 1354
[19]	Gao G, Fang M, Yang R M 2011 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 50 882
[20]	Wu Y H, Zhai W D, Cao W Z, Li C 2011 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 50 325
[21]	Zhang Q N, Li C C, Li Y H, Nie Y Y 2013 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 52 22
[22]	Chang Y, Xu C X, Zhang S B, Yan L L 2013 Chin. Sci. Bull. 58 4571
[23]	Quan D X, Pei C X, Liu D, Zhao N 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 2493 (in Chinese) [权东晓, 裴昌幸, 刘丹, 赵楠 2010 59 2493]
[24]	Tsai C W, Hwang T 2013 Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 1903
[25]	Hillery M, Bužek V, Berthiaume A 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 1829
[26]	Karlsson A, Koashi M, Imoto N 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 162
[27]	Xiao L, Long G L, Deng F G, Pan J W 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 052307
[28]	Deng F G, Zhou H Y, Long G L 2006 J. Phys. A 39 14089
[29]	Long G L, Liu X S 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 032302
[30]	Deng F G, Long G L, Liu X S 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 042317
[31]	Deng F G, Long G L 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 052319
[32]	Wang C, Deng F G, Li Y S, Liu X S, Long G L 2005 Phys. Rev. A 71 044305
[33]	Wang C, Deng F G, Long G L 2005 Opt. Commun. 253 15
[34]	Li X H, Li C Y, Deng F G, Zhou P, Liang Y J, Zhou H Y 2007 Chin. Phys. 16 2149
[35]	Lin S, Wen Q Y, Gao F, Zhu F C 2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 064304
[36]	Gu B, Zhang C Y, Cheng G S, Huang Y G 2011 Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 54 942
[37]	Wang T J, Li T, Du F F, Deng F G 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 040305
[38]	Gu B, Huang Y G, Fang X, Zhang C Y 2011 Chin. Phys. B 20 100309
[39]	Shi J, Gong Y X, Xu P, Zhu S N, Zhan Y B 2011 Commun. Theor. Phys. 56 831
[40]	Liu D, Chen J L, Jiang W 2012 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51 2923
[41]	Sun Z W, Du R G, Long D Y 2012 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51 1946
[42]	Ren B C, Wei H R, Hua M, Li T, Deng F G 2013 Eur. Phys. J. D 67 30
[43]	Gu B, Huang Y G, Fang X, Chen Y L 2013 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 52 4461
[44]	Banerjee A, Pathak A 2012 Phys. Lett. A 376 2944
[45]	Pirandola S, Braunstein S L, Mancini S, Lloyd S 2008 Eur. Phys. Lett. 84 20013
[46]	Meslouhi A, Hassouni Y 2013 Quantum Inf. Process. 12 2603
[47]	Zheng C, Long G F 2014 Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 57 1238
[48]	Bennett C H, Brassard G, Crepeau C, Jozsa R, Peres A, Wootters W K 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 1895
[49]	Karlsson A, Bourennane M 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 4394
[50]	Li X H, Ghose S 2015 Phys. Rev. A 91 012320
[51]	Bennett C H, Wiesner S J 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 2881
[52]	Liu X S, Long G L, Tong D M, Li F 2002 Phys. Rev. A 65 022304
[53]	Li X H, Zhou P, Liang Y J, Li C Y, Zhou H Y, Deng F G 2006 Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 1080
[54]	Deng F G, Li X H, Li C Y, Zhou P, Zhou H Y 2006 Phys. Lett. A 359 359
[55]	Deng F G, Li X H, Li C Y, Zhou P, Zhou H Y 2007 Phys. Scr. 76 25
[56]	Deng F G, Li X H, Li C Y, Zhou P, Zhou H Y 2007 Chin. Phys. 16 3553
[57]	Inagaki T, Matsuda N, Tadanaga O, Asobe M, Takesue H 2013 Opt. Express 21 23241
[58]	Tang Y L, Yin H L, Chen S J, Liu Y, Zhang W J, Jiang X, Zhang L, Wang J, You L X, Guan J Y, Yang D X, Wang Z, Liang H, Zhang Z, Zhou N, Ma X F, Chen T Y, Zhang Q, Pan J W 2014 Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 190501
[59]	Lu X, Wang W, Ma J 2013 IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 4 170
[60]	Long G L, Wang C, Li Y S, Deng F G 2011 Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 41 332 (in Chinese) [龙桂鲁, 王川, 李岩松, 邓富国 2011 中国科学: 物理, 力学, 天文学 41 332]
[61]	Long G L, Qin G Q 2014 Physics and Engineering 24 3 (in Chinese) [龙桂鲁, 秦国卿 2014 物理与工程 24 3]
[62]	Boström K, Felbinger T 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 187902
[63]	Wójcik A 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 157901
[64]	Deng F G, Li X H, Li C Y, Zhou P, Zhou H Y 2007 Chin. Phys. 16 277
[65]	Lucamarini M, Mancini S 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 140501
[66]	Cai Q Y, Li B W 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 054301
[67]	Cai Q Y, Li B W 2004 Chin. Phys. Lett. 21 601
[68]	Long G L, Deng F G, Wang C, Li X H 2007 Front. Phys. China 2 251
[69]	Li X H, Deng F G, Zhou H Y 2006 Phys. Rev. A 74 054302
[70]	Li C Y, Zhou H Y, Wang Y, Deng F G 2005 Chin. Phys. Lett. 22 1049
[71]	Li C Y, Li X H, Deng F G, Zhou P, Liang Y J, Zhou H Y 2006 Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 2896
[72]	Cerè A, Lucamarini M, Giuseppe G D, Tombesi P 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 200501
[73]	Hu J Y, Yu B, Jing M Y, Xiao L T, Jia S T 2015 arXiv:1503.00451
[74]	Deng F G, Long G L 2006 Commun. Theor. Phys. 46 443
[75]	Deng F G, Li X H, Zhou H Y, Zhang Z J 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 044302
[76]	Wen K, Long G L 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 022336
[77]	Wen K, Long G L 2010 Int. J. Quantum Inf. 8 697
[78]	Briegel H J, Dür W, Cirac J I, Zoller P 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 5932
[79]	Dür W, Briegel H J, Cirac J I, Zoller P 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 169
[80]	Duan L M, Lukin M D, Cirac J I, Zoller P 2001 Nature 414 413
[81]	Chen S, Chen Y A, Zhao B, Yuan Z S, Schmiedmayer J, Pan J W 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 180505
[82]	Wang T J, Song S Y, Long G L 2012 Phys. Rev. A 85 062311
[83]	Li X H, Deng F G, Zhou H Y 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 144101
[84]	Deng F G, Li X H, Zhou H Y Li X H, Duan X J 2011 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 065503
[85]	Li X H, Zeng Z, Wang C 2014 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31 2334
[86]	Bennett C H, Bernstein H J, Popescu S, Schumacher B 1996 Phys. Rev. A 53 2046
[87]	Zhao Z, Pan J W, Zhan M S 2001 Phys. Rev. A 64 014301
[88]	Yamamoto T, Koashi M, Imoto N 2001 Phys. Rev. A 64 012304
[89]	Sheng Y B, Deng F G, Zhou H Y 2008 Phys. Rev. A 77 062325
[90]	Ren B C, Du F F, Deng F G 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 012302
[91]	Li X H, Ghose S 2014 Laser Phys. Lett. 11 125201
[92]	Li X H, Ghose S 2015 Opt. Express 23 3550
[93]	Bennett C H, Brassard G, Popescu S, Schumacher B, Smolin J A, Wootters W K 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 722
[94]	Pan J W, Simon C, Brukner C, Zellinger A 2001 Nature 410 1067
[95]	Simon C, Pan J W 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 257901
[96]	Sheng Y B, Deng F G, Zhou H Y 2008 Phys. Rev. A 77 042308
[97]	98 Ren B C, Du F F, Deng F G 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 052309
[98]	Sheng Y B, Deng F G 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 032307
[99]	Li X H 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 044304
[100]	Sheng Y B, Deng F G 2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 044305
[101]	Deng F G 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 062316
[102]	Yoon C S, Kang M S, Lim J I, Yang H J 2015 Phys. Scr. 90 015103
[103]	Shi G F, Xi X Q, Hu M L, Yue R H 2010 Opt. Commun. 283 1984
[104]	Chang Y, Xu C X, Zhang S B, Yan L L 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 010305
[105]	Fatahi N, Naseri M 2012 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 51 2094
[106]	Huang W, Wen Q Y, Liu B, Su Q, Qin S J, Gao F 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89 032325

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Vol. 64, Issue 16 - 2015-08-20

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