Progress towards primary frequency standard

Ruan Jun; Wang Ye-Bing; Chang Hong; Jiang Hai-Feng; Liu Tao; Dong Rui-Fang; Zhang Shou-Gang

doi:10.7498/aps.64.160308

Abstract

The cesium fountain clock as primary frequency standard is widely used in the areas, such as time-keeping system, satellite navigation, fundamental physics research, etc. The principle of operation of cesium fountain clock is introduced. The noise source and frequency shift term are ananlyzed. The major noise source influencing frequency stability are cold atom loading time, microwave phase noise related to Dick effect, and detection laser frequency noise. The major frequency bias influencing frequency uncertainty is blackbody radiation frequency shift,cold atom collision frequency shift,distributed cavity phase frequency shift and microwave leakage frequency shift.The key technique to achieve highperformance cesium fountain clock is sumerized. The application of cesium fountain clock is presented. The status of space cesium clock and future primary frequency standard of optical clock are shown.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China;
2.
Key Laboratory of Time and Frequency Primary Standard, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China
Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61127901, 91336101, 11074252, 11273024, 11174282).

References

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[40]	Sortais Y, Bize S, Nicolas C, Clairon A, Salomon C, Williams C 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3117
[41]	Marion H, Bize S, Cacciapuoti L, et al. 2004 18th European Frequency and Time Forum Guildford, England, 2004 p49
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[43]	Hagemann C, Grebing C, Lisdat C, Falke S, Legero T, Sterr U, Riehle F, Michael J, Martin, Ye J 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 5102
[44]	Bloom B J, Nicholson T L, Williams J R, Campbell S L, Bishof M, Zhang X, Zhang W, Bromley S L, Ye J 2014 Nature 506 71
[45]	Ushijima I, Takamoto M, Das M, Ohkubo T, Katori H 2015 Nat. Photon. 9 185
[46]	Chou C W, Hume D B, Koelemeij J C J, Wineland D J, Rosenband T 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 070802
[47]	Gao K L 2013 Chin. Sci. Bull. 58 853
[48]	Zhang T G, Wang Y F, Zang X R, et al. 2013 Chin. Sci. Bull. 58 2033
[49]	Wang Y F, Wang D Y, Zhang T G, et al. 2013 Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 1107

Cited By

[1]	Bureau International des Poids et Mesures The International System of Units (SI) (8th ed.) p113
[2]	Wang Z B, Zhao L, Wang S G, et al. 2014 Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 57 1788
[3]	Li H J, Tang G F, He F, et al. 2013 Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 1591
[4]	Ramsey N F 1950 Phys. Rev. 78 695
[5]	Dick G J 1987 Proc. 19th Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Metting Redondo Beach, USA, 1987 p133
[6]	Guéna J, Rosenbusch P, Laurent P, et al.
[7]	Gerginov T V, Nemitz N, Griebsch D, Kazda M, Li R, Gibble K, Wynands R, Weyers S 2010 24th European Frequency and Time Forum Noordwijk, Netherlands, 13-16 April, 2010 p222
[8]	Wu C J, Ruan J, Chen J, Zhang H, Zhang S G 2013 Acta Phys. Sin 62 063201 (in Chinese) [吴长江, 阮军, 陈江, 张辉, 张首刚 2013 62 063201]
[9]	Chambon D, Lours M, Chapelet F, Bize S, Tobar M E, Clairon A, Santarelli G 2007 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferr. 54 729
[10]	Lipphardt B, Grosche G, Sterr U, Tamm C, Weyers S, Schnatz H 2009 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 58 1258
[11]	Millo J, Abgrall M, Lours M, English E M L, Jiang H, Guéna J, Clairon A, Tobar M E, Bize S, Coq Y L, Santarelli G 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 141105
[12]	Zhang Y Y, Yan L L, Zhao W Y, Meng S, Fan S T, Zhang L, Guo W G, Zhang S G, Jiang H F 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 064209
[13]	Leveque T, Faure B, Esnault F X, Delaroche C, Massonnet D, Grosjean O, Buffe F, Torresi P, Bomer T, Pichon A, Beraud P, Lelay J P, Thomin S, Laurent P 2015 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86 033104
[14]	Laurent P, Abgrall M, Jentsch C, et al. 2006 Appl. Phys. B 84 683
[15]	Ruan J, Liu J, Ma J, Du Z J, Wu C J, Zhang S G 2010 Chin. Opt. Lett. 8 300
[16]	Liu J, Gao J, Xu G J, et al. 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 120602 (in Chinese) [刘杰, 高静, 许冠军等 2015 64 120602]
[17]	Levi F, Calosso C, Calonico D, et al.
[18]	Levi F, Calosso C, Calonico D, et al.
[19]	Szymaniec K, Park S E, Marra G, Chalupczak W 2010 Metrologia 47 363
[20]	Pereira F, Marion H, Bize S, Sortais Y, Clairon A, Salomon C 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 233004
[21]	Li R, Gibble K 2010 Metrologia 47 534
[22]	Gibble, K, Lea S N, Szymaniec K 2015 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements Washington DC, America, 2012 p700
[23]	Park S E, Heo M S, Kwon T Y, et al. 2014 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium Taipei, China, 2014, p1
[24]	Santarelli G, Governatori G, Chambon D, Lours M, Rosenbusch P, Guena J, Chapelet F, Bize S, Tobar M E, Laurent P, Potier T, Clairon A 2009 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferr. 56 1319
[25]	Guena J, Abgrall M, Rovera D, Laurent P, Chupin B, Lours M, Santarelli G, Rosenbusch P, Tobar M E, Li R, Gibble K, Clairon A, Bize S 2012 IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferr. 59 391
[26]	Heavner P, Donley A, Levi F, Costanzo G, Parker E, Shirley H, Ashby N, Barlow S, Jefferts S 2014 Metrologia 51 174
[27]	Gerginov V, Nemitz N, Weyers S, Schroder R, Griebsch D, Wynands R 2010 Metrologia 47 65
[28]	Levi F, Calonico D, Calosso E, Godone A, Micalizio S, Costanzo A 2014 Metrologia 51 270
[29]	Li R X, Gibble K, Szymaniec K 2011 Metrologia 48 283
[30]	Fang F, Li M S, Lin P W, Chen W L, Liu N F, Lin Y G, Wang P, Liu K, Suo R, Li T C 2015 Metrologia 52 454
[31]	Niering M, Holzwarth R, Reichert J, Pokasov P, Udem T H, Weitz M, Hansch T W, Lemonde P, Santarelli G, Abgrall M, Laurent P, Salomon C, Clairon A 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5496
[32]	Mohr P J, Taylor B N, Newell D B 2012 Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 1527
[33]	Dirac P A M 1937 Nature 139 323
[34]	Srianand R, Chand H, Petitjean P, Aracil B 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 121302
[35]	Bize S, Wolf P, Abgrall M, Cacciapuoti L, Clairon A, Grunert J, Laurent Ph, Lemonde P, Luiten A N, Maksimovic I, Mandache C, Marion H, Pereira Dos Santos F, Rosenbusch P, Salomon C, Santarelli G, Sortais Y, Tobar M E, Vian C, Zhang S 2004 Lect. Notes Phys. 648 189
[36]	Marion H, Pereira Dos Santos F, Abgrall M, Zhang S, Sortais Y, Bize S, Maksimovic I, Calonico D, Grunert J, Mandache C, Lemonde P, Santarelli G, Laurent P H, Clairon A, Salomon C 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 150801
[37]	Ashby N, Heavner T P, Jefferts S R, Parker T E, Radnaev A G, Dudin Y O 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 070802
[38]	Wolf P, Chapelet F, Bize S, Clairon A 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 060801
[39]	Zhang S 2004 Ph. D. Dissertation (Paris: Université de Paris VI)
[40]	Sortais Y, Bize S, Nicolas C, Clairon A, Salomon C, Williams C 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 3117
[41]	Marion H, Bize S, Cacciapuoti L, et al. 2004 18th European Frequency and Time Forum Guildford, England, 2004 p49
[42]	Hinkle N, Sherman J A, Phillips N B, Chioppo M S, Lemke N D, Beloy K, Pizzocaro M, Oates C W, Ludlow A D 2013 Science 341 1215
[43]	Hagemann C, Grebing C, Lisdat C, Falke S, Legero T, Sterr U, Riehle F, Michael J, Martin, Ye J 2014 Opt. Lett. 39 5102
[44]	Bloom B J, Nicholson T L, Williams J R, Campbell S L, Bishof M, Zhang X, Zhang W, Bromley S L, Ye J 2014 Nature 506 71
[45]	Ushijima I, Takamoto M, Das M, Ohkubo T, Katori H 2015 Nat. Photon. 9 185
[46]	Chou C W, Hume D B, Koelemeij J C J, Wineland D J, Rosenband T 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 070802
[47]	Gao K L 2013 Chin. Sci. Bull. 58 853
[48]	Zhang T G, Wang Y F, Zang X R, et al. 2013 Chin. Sci. Bull. 58 2033
[49]	Wang Y F, Wang D Y, Zhang T G, et al. 2013 Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron. 56 1107

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