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In this study, GaN:Mn thin films are fabricated by implementing Mn ions into the undoped GaN material. The effects of annealing temperature on microstructures, optical and magnetic properties of the thin films are investigated. The Raman spectra measured from Mn-implanted GaN samples at different annealing temperatures show that new phonon modes, which are related to macroscopic disorder or vacancy-related defects caused by Mn-ion implantation and the local vibrational mode of Mn atoms in the (Ga, Mn)N, are created. The results of photoluminescence measurement show that new peaks appear at 2.16, 2.53, and 2.92 eV. Among these, the new emission around 2.16 eV, besides some contributions from optical transitions from the conduction band or shallow donor to a deep acceptor, cannot exclude the contribution from optical transitions of free electrons in the conduction band to Mn acceptor level. The Hall test shows that the annealed samples are of n type. Ferromagnetism is observed in the Mn doped GaN thin film at 300 K and found to be sensitive to the density of holes that mediate the Mn-Mn magnetic exchange interaction in this Mn-related impurity band.
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Keywords:
- Mn-doped GaN /
- photoluminescence /
- room temperature ferromagnetism /
- annealing
[1] Ohno H, Manakata H, Penney T, von Molnár S, Chang L L 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 2664
[2] Dietl T, Haury A, d'Aubigné Y M 1997 Phys. Rev. B 55 R3347
[3] Ohno H 1998 Science 281 951
[4] Hayashi T, Tanaka M, Seto K, Nishinaga T, Ando K 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 1825
[5] Dietl T 2010 Nat. Mater. 9 965
[6] Chen L, Yang X, Yang F H, Zhao J H, Misuraca J, Xiong P, von Molnár S 2011 Nano Lett. 11 2584
[7] Dietl T, Ohno H, Matsukura F, Cibert J, Ferrand D 2000 Science 287 1019
[8] Reed M L, El-Masry N A, Stadelmaier H H, Ritums M K, Reed M J, Parker C A, Roberts J C, Bedair S M 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 3473
[9] Husnain G, Yao S D, Ahmadb I, Rafique H M, Mahmoodd A 2012 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324 797
[10] Kronik L, Jain M, Chelikowsky J R 2002 Phys. Rev. B 66 041203(R)
[11] Bihler C, Gerstmann U, Hoeb M, Graf T, Gjukic M, Schmidt W G, Stutzmann M, Brandt M S 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 205205
[12] Cui X G, Tao Z K, Zhang R, Li X, Xiu X Q, Xie Z L, Gu S L, Han P, Shi Y, Zheng Y D 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 152116
[13] Huang R T, Hsu C F, Kai J J, Chen F R, Chin T S 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 202507
[14] Jeon H C, Kang T W, Kim T W, Kang J, Chang K J 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 092501
[15] Xing H Y, Fan G H, Yang X L, Zhang G Y 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 504 (in Chinese) [邢海英, 范广涵, 杨学林, 张国义 2010 59 504]
[16] Xu D Q, Zhang Y M, Zhang Y M, Li P X, Wang C 2009 Chin. Phys. B 18 1637
[17] Xu D Q, Zhang Y M, Zhang Y M, Li P X, Wang C, L H L, Tang X Y, Wang Y H 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 4648
[18] Reshchikov M A, Shahedipour F, Korotkov R Y, Wessels B W, Ulmer M P 2000 J. Appl. Phys. 87 3351
[19] Korotkov R Y, Gregie J M, Wessels B W 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 1731
[20] Kucheyev S O, Williams J S, Pearton S J 2001 Mater. Sci. Eng. R 33 51
[21] Reshchikov M A, Morkoç H, Park S S, Lee K Y 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 3041
[22] Neugebauer J, van de Walle C G 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 503
[23] Mattila T, Nieminen R M 1997 Phys. Rev. B 55 9571
[24] Reshchikov M A, Morkoç H 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 97 061301
[25] Theodoropoulou M A N, Hebard A F, Overberg M E, Abernathy C R, Peartona S J, Chu S N G, Wilson R G 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 3475
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[1] Ohno H, Manakata H, Penney T, von Molnár S, Chang L L 1992 Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 2664
[2] Dietl T, Haury A, d'Aubigné Y M 1997 Phys. Rev. B 55 R3347
[3] Ohno H 1998 Science 281 951
[4] Hayashi T, Tanaka M, Seto K, Nishinaga T, Ando K 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 1825
[5] Dietl T 2010 Nat. Mater. 9 965
[6] Chen L, Yang X, Yang F H, Zhao J H, Misuraca J, Xiong P, von Molnár S 2011 Nano Lett. 11 2584
[7] Dietl T, Ohno H, Matsukura F, Cibert J, Ferrand D 2000 Science 287 1019
[8] Reed M L, El-Masry N A, Stadelmaier H H, Ritums M K, Reed M J, Parker C A, Roberts J C, Bedair S M 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 3473
[9] Husnain G, Yao S D, Ahmadb I, Rafique H M, Mahmoodd A 2012 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324 797
[10] Kronik L, Jain M, Chelikowsky J R 2002 Phys. Rev. B 66 041203(R)
[11] Bihler C, Gerstmann U, Hoeb M, Graf T, Gjukic M, Schmidt W G, Stutzmann M, Brandt M S 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 205205
[12] Cui X G, Tao Z K, Zhang R, Li X, Xiu X Q, Xie Z L, Gu S L, Han P, Shi Y, Zheng Y D 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 152116
[13] Huang R T, Hsu C F, Kai J J, Chen F R, Chin T S 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 202507
[14] Jeon H C, Kang T W, Kim T W, Kang J, Chang K J 2005 Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 092501
[15] Xing H Y, Fan G H, Yang X L, Zhang G Y 2010 Acta Phys. Sin. 59 504 (in Chinese) [邢海英, 范广涵, 杨学林, 张国义 2010 59 504]
[16] Xu D Q, Zhang Y M, Zhang Y M, Li P X, Wang C 2009 Chin. Phys. B 18 1637
[17] Xu D Q, Zhang Y M, Zhang Y M, Li P X, Wang C, L H L, Tang X Y, Wang Y H 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 4648
[18] Reshchikov M A, Shahedipour F, Korotkov R Y, Wessels B W, Ulmer M P 2000 J. Appl. Phys. 87 3351
[19] Korotkov R Y, Gregie J M, Wessels B W 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 1731
[20] Kucheyev S O, Williams J S, Pearton S J 2001 Mater. Sci. Eng. R 33 51
[21] Reshchikov M A, Morkoç H, Park S S, Lee K Y 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 3041
[22] Neugebauer J, van de Walle C G 1996 Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 503
[23] Mattila T, Nieminen R M 1997 Phys. Rev. B 55 9571
[24] Reshchikov M A, Morkoç H 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 97 061301
[25] Theodoropoulou M A N, Hebard A F, Overberg M E, Abernathy C R, Peartona S J, Chu S N G, Wilson R G 2001 Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 3475
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