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Spherical ZnO nanoparticles each with a uniform size are synthesized by a hydrothermal method. These ZnO nanoparticles are then dispersed into water by ultrasonic vibrating to form stable nanofluids. The electrical conductivity of water-based ZnO nanofluids with a variety of temperature and volumetric fractions are investigated. The volumetric-fraction-dependent thermal conductivity is also measured at room temperature. Experiments indicate that the electrical conductivity of ZnO nanofluid reveals a non-linear relationship versus volumetric fraction. However, it presents a quasi linear relationship versus temperature. The thermal conductivity is enhanced nearly linearly with volumetric fraction increasing. Moreover, a modified model is established based on Maxwell thermal conductivity model and Brownian dynamics theory by considering boundary adsorption layer, aggregation and Brownian motion of nanoparticles in the fluid. The expected thermal conductivity values based on the modified model are in good agreement with our experimental data, suggesting that our modified model might be more accurately adapted to the nanofluids thermal conductivity.
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Keywords:
- hydrothermal method /
- electrical conductivity /
- thermal conductivity /
- thermal conductivity model
[1] Das S K, Choi S U S, Patel H 2006 Heat Transfer Eng. 27 3
[2] Li Y J, Zhou J E, Tung S, Schneider E, Xi S Q 2009 Powder Technol. 196 89
[3] Xie H Q, Chen L F 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 2513 (in Chinese) [谢华清, 陈立飞 2009 58 2513]
[4] Choi S U S, Siginer D A, Wang H P 1995 Developments and Applications of non-Newtonian Flows (New York: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers) p99
[5] Saidura R, Leongb K Y, Mohammadc H A 2011 Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 15 1646
[6] Shen L P, Wang H, Dong M, Ma Z C, Wang H B 2012 Phys. Lett. A 376 1053
[7] Saleh R, Putra N, Prakoso S P, Septiadi W N 2013 Int. J. Therm. Sci. 63 125
[8] Lee G J, Kim C K, Lee M K, Rhee C K, Kim S, Kim C 2012 Thermochim. Acta 542 24
[9] Yu W, Xie H Q, Chen L F, Li Y 2009 Thermochim. Acta 491 92
[10] Suganthi K S, Rajan K S 2012 Asian J .Sci. Res. 5 207
[11] Hong J, Kim S H, Kim D 2007 J. Phys. 59 301
[12] Zhang L L, Ding Y L, Povey M 2008 Prog. Nat. Sci. 18 939
[13] Shen L P 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese) [沈谅平 2012 博士学位论文 (武汉: 华中科技大学)]
[14] Jiang W T 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University) (in Chinese) [姜未汀 2009 博士学位论文(上海: 上海交通大学)]
[15] Maxwell J C 1981 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (Oxford: Clarendon Press) p440
[16] Xie H Q, Xi T G, Wang J C 2003 Acta Phys. Sin. 52 1444 (in Chinese) [谢华清, 奚铜庚, 王锦昌 2003 52 1444]
[17] Yu W, Choi S 2003 J. Nanopart. Res. 5 167
[18] Xuan Y M, Li Q, Hu W F 2003 AICHE J. 49 1038
[19] Ding G L, Jiang W T, Peng H, Hu H T 2010 J. Eng. Thermophys. Rus. 31 1281 (in Chinese) [丁国良, 姜未汀, 彭 浩, 胡海涛 2010工程热 31 1281]
[20] Wang B X, Zhou L Z, Peng X F 2003 Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 46 2665
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[1] Das S K, Choi S U S, Patel H 2006 Heat Transfer Eng. 27 3
[2] Li Y J, Zhou J E, Tung S, Schneider E, Xi S Q 2009 Powder Technol. 196 89
[3] Xie H Q, Chen L F 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 2513 (in Chinese) [谢华清, 陈立飞 2009 58 2513]
[4] Choi S U S, Siginer D A, Wang H P 1995 Developments and Applications of non-Newtonian Flows (New York: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers) p99
[5] Saidura R, Leongb K Y, Mohammadc H A 2011 Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 15 1646
[6] Shen L P, Wang H, Dong M, Ma Z C, Wang H B 2012 Phys. Lett. A 376 1053
[7] Saleh R, Putra N, Prakoso S P, Septiadi W N 2013 Int. J. Therm. Sci. 63 125
[8] Lee G J, Kim C K, Lee M K, Rhee C K, Kim S, Kim C 2012 Thermochim. Acta 542 24
[9] Yu W, Xie H Q, Chen L F, Li Y 2009 Thermochim. Acta 491 92
[10] Suganthi K S, Rajan K S 2012 Asian J .Sci. Res. 5 207
[11] Hong J, Kim S H, Kim D 2007 J. Phys. 59 301
[12] Zhang L L, Ding Y L, Povey M 2008 Prog. Nat. Sci. 18 939
[13] Shen L P 2012 Ph. D. Dissertation (Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology) (in Chinese) [沈谅平 2012 博士学位论文 (武汉: 华中科技大学)]
[14] Jiang W T 2009 Ph. D. Dissertation (Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University) (in Chinese) [姜未汀 2009 博士学位论文(上海: 上海交通大学)]
[15] Maxwell J C 1981 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (Oxford: Clarendon Press) p440
[16] Xie H Q, Xi T G, Wang J C 2003 Acta Phys. Sin. 52 1444 (in Chinese) [谢华清, 奚铜庚, 王锦昌 2003 52 1444]
[17] Yu W, Choi S 2003 J. Nanopart. Res. 5 167
[18] Xuan Y M, Li Q, Hu W F 2003 AICHE J. 49 1038
[19] Ding G L, Jiang W T, Peng H, Hu H T 2010 J. Eng. Thermophys. Rus. 31 1281 (in Chinese) [丁国良, 姜未汀, 彭 浩, 胡海涛 2010工程热 31 1281]
[20] Wang B X, Zhou L Z, Peng X F 2003 Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 46 2665
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