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太赫兹技术在成像、传感和安全等方面展现出了巨大的应用潜力和价值. 传统的固态宽带太赫兹源主要依赖于非线性光学晶体和光电导天线, 而下一代太赫兹技术的一个主要挑战是开发高效、超宽带和低成本的太赫兹源. 最近几年, 基于自旋电子学的金属磁性异质结太赫兹源获得了很大关注. 本文首先将对该类太赫兹源涉及的物理机理进行讨论, 主要包括超快退磁和自旋-电荷转换. 然后对该类源的效率提升做了探讨, 具体的优化方向体现在三个方面: 薄膜材料选择(含生长过程控制)、薄膜厚度和薄膜结构设计. 文章最后给出简单总结和该领域的展望.Terahertz technology shows great potential applications in imaging, sensing and security. As is well known, the conventional solid-state broadband terahertz sources rely primarily on the nonlinear optical crystals and photoconductive antennas. Therefore, one major challenge for the next generation of terahertz technology is to develop the high-efficient, ultra-broadband and low-cost terahertz sources. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the spintronic terahertz emitters made of the metallic magnetic heterostructures on a nanometer scale. In this paper, the underlying physical mechanisms associated with this type of terahertz emitter is discussed. They mainly include the ultrafast demagnetization and the spin-charge interconversion processes. In order to further improve the terahertz emission efficiency, three main aspects are considered: appropriate choice of the materials (including conditions of the sample growing), film thickness, and new structure design. In the end, a short conclusion and future perspective for this research direction are given briefly.
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Keywords:
- terahertz /
- ultrafast demagnetization /
- superdiffusive spin transport /
- inverse spin Hall effect /
- inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect /
- magnetic heterostructure
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图 1 透射型太赫兹时域光谱系统的光路示意图. 主要包含分束镜(beam splitter)、光学斩波器(optical chopper)、光线延迟位移台(varible delay)、离轴抛物镜(OPM)、探测晶体(ZnTe)、分光棱镜(polarizing beam splitter)、光电探测器(optical detector)和锁相放大器(lock-in amplifier)
Fig. 1. Typical experimental setup for the time-domain THz emission spectroscopy which generally includes optical elements such as beam splitter, optical chopper, optical delay stage (varible delay), parabolic mirror (OPM), detection crystal (ZnTe), polarizing beam splitter, optical detector, and lock-in amplifier.
图 2 磁性异质结Ni/Al中, 激光诱导的飞秒尺度的电子超扩散过程示意图[13] (a)电子在发生第一次散射前, 沿直线运动, S0是电子原来位置, S是电子直线运动后位置; (b)电子在z0处被激发, 发射方向的概率是各项同性的
Fig. 2. Schematic of femtosecond laser-induced superdiffusion process[13]: (a) The electron moves along a straight line before first scattering, S0 is the original position of the electron, and S is the position after the straight line movement; (b) the electron is excited at z0, and the probability of the emitting direction is isotropic.
图 3 在自旋霍尔效应中, 运动磁矩的非对称散射会在垂直于电流的方向上引起自旋不平衡
Fig. 3. In the spin Hall effect, asymmetric scattering of the moving spin (magnetic) moment causes spin imbalance in the direction perpendicular to the current.
图 4 Rashba效应对应的能带结构及IREE的实验原理[45] (a)典型的Rashba二维电子气自旋劈裂色散曲线; (b)典型的费米轮廓, 电子流(沿流动方向的费米等高线偏移)导致非零的自旋密度, 相反, 自旋注入产生的非零自旋密度诱导了电子流(IREE); (c)共振下的NiFe/Ag/Bi样品结构Js为直流自旋电流, Ic为IREE导致的电荷流
Fig. 4. Schematic of Rashba bands and the experimental setup for confirming the IREE[45]: (a) Typical Rashba spin splitting bands; (b) typical Fermi surface contour, where the electron flow (a Fermi contour offset along the flowing direction) results in a non-zero spin density. In contrast, the non-zero spin density generated by the spin injection induces an electron flow (IREE); (c) NiFe/Ag/Bi sample structure under resonance. Js is the DC spin current, and Ic is the charge current arising from the IREE.
图 5 超快激光脉冲激励下通过 (a) ISHE在金属磁性异质结铁磁(FM)/非磁性(NM)纳米复合薄膜, 或 (b) IREE在金属磁性异质结FM/NM1/NM2纳米复合薄膜上实现太赫兹发射的示意图[51]. H为外加磁场, 磁化方向与x轴平行, Js是飞秒激光注入铁磁层所产生的纵向自旋流, 注入到非铁磁层(或界面)后通过ISHE(或IREE)转换成横向电荷电流Jc, 进而产生太赫兹辐射
Fig. 5. Schematic of coherent broadband THz wave emission via (a) ISHE on metallic magnetic heterostructure Ferromagnetic(FM)/Non-magnetic(NM), or (b) IREE on metallic magnetic heterostructure FM/NM1/NM2 under excitation of the femtosecond laser pulse[51]. H is the external magnetic field, and the magnetization direction is parallel to the x-axis. Js is the longitudinal spin current along z generated by the femtosecond laser. After being injected into the NM layer (or Rashba interface), it is converted into a lateral charge current Jc by ISHE (or IREE), and finally produces terahertz radiation.
图 12 太赫兹信号幅度与金属层厚度d的关系[51] (a) Pt厚度与太赫兹发射强度∆V的关系, 点为实验数据, 线是基于(11)式拟合; (b) Co层厚度与太赫兹发射强度∆V的关系, 点为实验数据, 线是基于(12)式拟合, 垂直实线表示自旋取向转变的临界厚度约为2 nm, 插图是以对振幅取对数作为厚度dCo的函数
Fig. 12. Terahertz amplitude as a function of thickness d of the metallic layer[51]. (a) Pt thickness dependence of ∆V. The dots represent the experimental data, and the solid curves represent the fitting based on Eq. (11). (b) Amplitude ∆V as a function of Co-thickness. The dots represent the experimental data, and the solid curves represent the fitting based on Eq. (12). The vertical solid line at 2 nm denotes the critical thickness for spin reorientation transition. The inset shows the amplitude as a function of dCo in loga-rithm scale.
图 13 红色方块表示太赫兹振幅与Pt层厚度之间关系的实验数据[70]. 实线是根据(13)式的实验结果的拟合, 其中考虑了界面自旋损失. 作为比较, 虚线是在不考虑界面自旋损失的情况下获得的拟合结果
Fig. 13. The red squares denote the experimental THz amplitude as a function of the Pt-layer thickness[70]. The solid curve is a fit to the experimental data according to Eq. (13), which takes into account the interfacial spin loss. As a comparison, the dotted curve is obtained without taking into account the interfacial spin loss.
图 14 法布里-珀罗薄膜腔的示意图[33], 该腔增强了入射泵浦和发射的太赫兹辐射. 三层发射器的示意图, 该发射器以近似相等的效率将后向和前向自旋电流js转换为单向充电电流jc
Fig. 14. Schematic of the thin-film Fabry-Pérot cavity that enhances both the incident pump and emitted terahertz radiation[33]. Schematic of the trilayer emitter that converts the backward- and forward-flowing spin current js into a unidirectional charge current jc with approximately equal efficiency.
图 16 图案化的磁性异质结构的示意图[35] (a)平行于磁场; (b)垂直于磁场; (c)图案化的Fe/Pt样品的照片(顶视图); (d), (e)在不同方向上的时域和频域太赫兹信号, 磁场H在实验室坐标系中沿+x方向固定. 在(c)中定义了表征图案化的异质结构的旋转的取向角θ. (d)和(e)中的黑色箭头表示角度θ从0°增大到90°
Fig. 16. Schematic of a patterned magnetic heterostructure with the stripes[35]: (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular to the magnetic field; (c) top view of the patterned Fe/Pt sample; (d) and (e) the time-domain and frequency-domain THz signals at different stripe orientations, respectively. The magnetic field H is fixed along +x direction in the laboratory coordinate system. The orientation angle θ characterizing the rotation of patterned heterostructure is defined in (c). The black arrows in (d) and (e) represent the angle θ increasing from 0° to 90°.
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Google Scholar
Zhu Y 2012 Mod. Sci. Instrum 6 13
Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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