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源于量子内禀随机性的量子随机数发生器（QRNG）提供了安全性信息论可证的真随机数.本文提出一种融合实时相空间监测与熵评估的二重并行连续变量QRNG方案，通过动态阈值监测机制与自适应后处理矩阵规模调整技术，同步提升QRNG安全性与生成效率，该方案创新性地将熵源状态追踪与随机数提取优化相结合.实验上构建基于外差探测的真空态双边带模并行提取系统，为高精度、高速全息重构量子态和四路并行提取量子随机数提供了充足的原始数据；高动态范围、高分辨率、矩阵规模实时可调的硬件基Toeplitz-hash后处理协调了熵源状态追踪与随机数提取优化.在保持17 Gbps以上高产率的同时可有效抵御边信道攻击，通过了NIST SP 800-22、Diehard及TestU01标准测试.本工作为解决QRNG实时熵源可信评估难题提供了技术路径，且该方案集成度高、扩展性好，为量子随机数发生器走向应用提供了一种切实可行的方案.
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关键词:
- 量子随机数 /
- 连续变量量子态 /
- 量子条件最小熵 /
- FPGA实时Toeplitz-hash后处理
Continuous-variable quantum random number generator (cv-QRNG) is appealing for its convenience of state preparation and high measurement bandwidth. Chip-size integration of this type of QRNG is expectable because all components involved have been integrated on a single chip recently. Most of the existing schemes, including all existing commercial schemes, usually take a once-and-for-all approach to the evaluation of quantum entropy. In this work, we propose a double-level parallel cv-QRNG scheme that integrates real-time phase-space monitoring and entropy evaluation. By dynamically threshold monitoring and self-adapting scaling of Toeplitz matrix, the security and generation rate of QRNG can be simultaneously enhanced.
Experimentally, a parallel extraction system of vacuum state double quadratures and multiple sideband modes is constructed based on heterodyne, providing sufficient raw data for high-precision and high-speed tomography reconstruction of quantum entropy source and parallel extraction of QRNG. Based on the statistical analysis of data under long-term stable operation of the system, dynamic KLD-sensitive security threshold for statistical distribution of Husimi-Q function of the entropy source is established. When a weak chaotic field is injected to simulate a thermal state attack, the KLD value jumps and quickly deviates from the steady state baseline, manifesting a sensitive attack recognition. It is worth pointing out that the threshold parameter can be dynamically optimized according to the security requirements of actual application scenarios. An FPGA-based real-time feedback Toeplitz-hash extractor employs a maximum matrix bit-width truncation method to dynamically adjust Toeplitz matrix parameters. This optimization reduces the maximum extraction ratio interval from 6% to 1.8%, with all intervals below 1% for extraction ratios ≤76%, significantly mitigating entropy losses caused by discrete adjustment of the Toeplitz matrix, and achieving a minimum extraction ratio of 16.9%. This flexibility enables the system to accurately control the response sensitivity of abnormal signals while maintaining the real-time generation of quantum random bits. Finally, real-time generation rate of 17.512 Gbps is attained with security parameters at the level of 10-50 and the generated random numbers passed NIST SP 800-22, Diehard, and TestU01 standard tests.
This research provides a technical path for real-time entropy source security assessment for QRNG. The proposed scheme has well integrability and scalability, offering a feasible solution for QRNG to enter the application stage.-
Keywords:
- quantum random number /
- continuous variable quantum state /
- quantum conditioned min-entropy /
- FPGA based real-time toeplitz-hash postprocessing
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