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二维二硫化钨(WS2)作为一种具有层依赖的电子和光电特性的半导体材料, 在光电器件领域展现出极具潜力的应用前景. 当前, 晶圆级单层WS2薄膜的制备是推动其在先进晶体管和集成电路中应用的关键挑战. 化学气相沉积(CVD)能够实现大尺寸、高质量的单层WS2薄膜合成, 但其生长过程的复杂性导致了WS2生长效率低, 质量参差不齐. 为指导实验上减少WS2晶界, 提高薄膜质量以增强其电子性能和机械稳定性, 本文基于第一性原理的理论计算, 深入探讨了WS2在CVD生长过程中的成核机制. 通过引入化学势这一变量, 分析了不同实验条件下WS2的生长能量曲线, 发现调整前驱体钨源和硫源的温度或压强能有效控制WS2的成核速率. 特别是当钨源温度为1250 K时, 成核速率达到最大, 而提高硫源温度或降低硫源压强则能降低成核速率, 从而提高单层WS2的结晶度和均匀性. 这些理论计算结果为实验中根据需求精确调整成核速率提供了坚实的理论依据, 并为如何通过优化实验参数来提高单层WS2薄膜的结晶度和均匀性提供了理论指导, 有望推动WS2材料在各类高性能电子器件中的应用发展, 对未来材料科学和工业应用具有重要意义.Two-dimensional tungsten disulfide (WS2), as a semiconductor material with unique layer-dependent electronic and optoelectronic characteristics, demonstrates a promising application prospect in the field of optoelectronic devices. The fabrication of wafer-scale monolayer WS2 films is currently a critical challenge that propels their application in advanced transistors and integrated circuits. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a feasible technique for fabricating large-area, high-quality monolayer WS2 films, yet the complexity of its growth process results in low growth efficiency and inconsistent film quality of WS2. In order to guide experimental efforts to diminish grain boundaries in WS2, thereby improving film quality to enhance electronic performance and mechanical stability, this study investigates the nucleation mechanisms of WS2 during CVD growth through first-principles theoretical calculations. By considering chemical potential as a crucial variable, we analyze the growth energy curves of WS2 under diverse experimental conditions. Our findings demonstrate that modulating the temperature or pressure of the tungsten and sulfur precursors can decisively influence the nucleation rate of WS2. Notably, the nucleation rate reaches a peak at a tungsten source temperature of 1250 K, while an increase in sulfur source temperature or a decrease in pressure can suppress the nucleation rate, thereby enhancing the crystallinity and uniformity of monolayer WS2. These insights not only furnish a robust theoretical foundation for experimentally fine-tuning the nucleation rate as needed but also provide strategic guidance for optimizing experimental parameters to refine the crystallinity and uniformity of monolayer WS2 films. Such advancements are expected to accelerate the deployment of WS2 materials in a range of high-performance electronic devices, marking a significant stride in the field of materials science and industrial applications.
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Keywords:
- first-principles calculation /
- growth mechanism /
- chemical vapor deposition /
- two-dimensional tungsten disulfide
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图 1 (a)以W或S边终结的三角形WS2团簇的形成能(Ef)与其尺寸大小(N)的关系, $ {E_{\text{f}}} = {E_{{\text{tot}}}} - {N_{\text{W}}} \cdot {\mu _{{\text{W(ref)}}}} - {N_{\text{S}}} \cdot {\mu _{{\text{S(ref)}}}} $, 其中$ {E_{{\text{tot}}}} $为WS2整体能量, $ {N_{\text{W}}} $和$ {N_{\text{S}}} $分别为W, S原子数, $ {\mu _{{\text{W(ref)}}}} $, $ {\mu _{{\text{S(ref)}}}} $分别为W, S前驱体的参考化学势. (b), (c) Au(111)表面S边终结的WS2团簇的形成能及其线性拟合
Fig. 1. (a) Forming energy (Ef) versus size (N) of triangular WS2 clusters terminated with W or S edge, $ {E_{\text{f}}} = {E_{{\text{tot}}}} - {N_{\text{W}}} \cdot {\mu _{{\text{W(ref)}}}} - $$ {N_{\text{S}}} \cdot {\mu _{{\text{S(ref)}}}} $, where $ {E_{{\text{tot}}}} $ is the overall energy of WS2, $ {N_{\text{W}}} $ and $ {N_{\text{S}}} $ are the number of atoms W and S respectively, $ {\mu _{{\text{W(ref)}}}} $ and $ {\mu _{{\text{S(ref)}}}} $ are the reference chemical potential of W and S precursors respectively. (b), (c) Formation energy and linear fitting of WS2 clusters terminated with S edge on Au(111) surface.
图 2 前驱体(a)钨源、(b)硫源化学势随温度的变化; (c) 500 K的硫源化学势随硫源压强的变化
Fig. 2. Changes of chemical potential of precursor (a) tungsten source and (b) sulfur source with temperature; (c) chemical potential of sulfur source changes with the pressure of sulfur source at 500 K.
图 3 不同钨源温度(a)、硫源温度(b)以及硫源压强(c)条件下Au(111)表面WS2的吉布斯自由能与团簇大小的关系
Fig. 3. Gibbs free energy versus cluster size of WS2 on Au(111) surface under different (a) tungsten source temperature, (b) sulfur source temperature and (c) sulfur source pressure.
图 4 Au(111)表面 WS2团簇的成核速率与不同实验条件的关系 (a) T(W); (b) T(S); (c) P(S)/P0. 纵坐标为log10刻度类型, 红色虚线标注为T(W) = 1300 K, T(S) = 500 K, P(S) = 763.10 Pa实验条件下WS2团簇的成核速率
Fig. 4. Nucleation rates of WS2 clusters on Au(111) surface under different experimental conditions: (a) T(W); (b) T(S); (c) P(S)/P0. Scale of the vertical axis in the graph is non-linear and is of the log10 type, and the red dotted lines indicate the nucleation rates of WS2 clusters under experimental conditions of T(W) = 1300 K, T(S) = 500 K and P(S) = 763.10 Pa.
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