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Birefringence, as a fundamental parameter of optical crystals, plays a vital role in numerous optical applications such as phase modulation, light splitting, and polarization, making them key materials in laser science and technology. The significant birefringence of vanadate polyhedra provides a new approach for developing birefringent materials. In this study, first-principles calculations are used to investigate the band structures, density of states (DOS), electron localization functions (ELF), and birefringence of four alkali metal vanadate crystals AV3O8 (A=Li, Na, K, Rb). The computational results show that all AV3O8 crystals have indirect band gaps, with values of 1.695, 1.898, 1.965, and 1.984 eV for LiV3O8, NaV3O8, KV3O8, and RbV3O8, respectively. The DOS analysis reveals that near the Fermi level, the conduction band minimum (CBM) in these vanadates is predominantly occupied by the outermost orbitals of V atoms, while the valence band maximum (VBM) is primarily contributed by O-2p orbitals. The O-2p orbitals also exhibit strong localization near the Fermi level. Combined with HOMO-LUMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital-Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) analysis and population analysis, the bonding interactions in all four crystals mainly arise from the hybridization between V-3p and O-2p orbitals, indicating strong covalent bonding in V-O bonds. Through the analysis of structure-property relationships, the large birefringence is primarily attributed to the pronounced structural anisotropy, high anisotropy index of responsive electron distribution, unique arrangement of anionic groups, and d-p orbital hybridization between V-3d and O-2p orbitals. The calculated birefringence values at a wavelength of 1064 nm for LiV3O8, NaV3O8, KV3O8, and RbV3O8 are 0.28, 0.30, 0.28, and 0.27, respectively.
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Keywords:
- alkali metal vanadate /
- first principles /
- electronic structure /
- birefringence
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