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The gamma-ray total absorption facility (GTAF) composed of 40 BaF2 detection units is designed to measure the cross section data of neutron radiation capture reaction online, in order to comply with the experimental nuclear data sheet. Since 2019, several daunting experiment results have been analyzed and published, and we have found that one of the most important sources of experimental background is the initial α particles emitted by the BaF2 crystal, which is the core component of GTAF detection unit . Considering the current industrial manufacturing process capabilities, the impurities of Ra and its compounds cannot be completely removed from the BaF2. Developing data analysis algorithms to eliminate the influence of alpha particles in experimental data has become a key aspect. In this work, in order to meet the needs of data acquisition, online measurement and analysis of neutron radiation cross section, the GTAF data acquisition system adopts a full waveform acquisition method, which results in a large number of data recorded, transmitted, and stored during experiment, which also affects the uncertainty of the cross-section data. The number of data stored in the online experiment is about 118 MB/s, resulting in a long dead time. Based on the signal waveform characteristics of the BaF2 detection unit, in order to solve the aforementioned problems, three methods, namely the ratio of fast component to total component, pulse width, and time decay constant, are used to identify and distinguish α particles and γ rays. The quality factor FOM is utilized as an evaluation value and several experiments are conducted using three radioactive sources (22Na, 137C, 60Co) for verification. Due to the slow components of BaF2 light decay time being about 620 ns, the waveform pulse should essentially return to baseline at approximately 1900 ns to 2000 ns, allowing for the complete waveform of the γ rays signal to be captured at that moment, which may provide the best energy resolution. Therefore, in the online experiment, the integration length for the energy spectrum is chosen to be 2000 ns in this work. The quality factor is 1.19–1.41 from the fast total component ratio (fast component 5 ns, total component 200 ns) method, 0.94–1.04 from the pulse width (10% peak) method, and 0.93–1.07 from the time attenuation constant method. Through the quantitative analysis of quality factor and the comparison of energy spectrum, it is determined that the fast total component ratio method has the best effect and can effectively remove the background of α particles. The next step is to upgrade the online experimental data acquisition system to reduce the quantity of experimental data and the uncertainty of cross section data. The experimental data that need to be recorded should be the crossing threshold time (for the time-of-flight method) and the amplitude integration values of 5 ns after the threshold (for the fast component), 200 ns after the threshold (for the total component), and 2000 ns (for the energy) for each signal waveform, as well as the number of related detection units. The above information should be sufficient to complete online processing of experimental data, including the processing of the α particle background and (n,γ) reaction data. It is estimated that the data acquisition rate of the upgraded system will decrease from 118 MB/s to 24 MB/s, which can significantly reduce the dead time of the data acquisition system, thereby improving the accuracy of cross section data. -
图 1 (a) BaF2探测单元; (b) GTAF
Figure 1. (a) BaF2 detector unit; (b) GTAF.
图 2 BaF2探测单元的信号波形
Figure 2. Signal waveform of the BaF2 detection unit.
图 3 BaF2探测单元的能谱
Figure 3. Energy spectrum of the BaF2 detection unit.
图 4 不同积分长度能量分辨率的比较
Figure 4. Comparison of energy resolution of different integral length.
图 5 品质因子计算分布图
Figure 5. Distribution of FOM calculation.
图 6 波形的快成分与总成分
Figure 6. Fast and total components of waveform.
图 7 不同快总成分比的品质因子 (a) 22Na; (b) 137Cs; (c) 60Co
Figure 7. FOM with different ratios of fast to total component: (a) 22Na; (b) 137Cs; (c) 60Co.
图 8 能量与快总成分比的二维谱 (a) 22Na; (b) 137Cs; (c) 60Co
Figure 8. Energy versus ratio of fast to total component spectrum: (a) 22Na; (b) 137Cs; (c) 60Co.
图 9 波形的脉冲宽度
Figure 9. Pulse width of waveform.
图 10 不同波形脉冲宽度的品质因子
Figure 10. FOM with different pulse width of waveforms.
图 11 能量与脉冲宽度的二维谱 (a) 22Na; (b) 137Cs; (c) 60Co
Figure 11. Energy versus pulse width spectrum: (a) 22Na; (b)137Cs; (c) 60Co.
图 12 波形的时间衰减常数拟合
Figure 12. Fitting of the time decay constant of waveform.
图 13 能量与时间衰减常数的二维谱 (a) 22Na; (b) 137Cs; (c) 60Co
Figure 13. Energy versus time decay constant spectrum: (a) 22Na; (b) 137Cs; (c) 60Co.
图 14 不同粒子鉴别方法处理后得能谱比较 (a) 22Na; (b) 137Cs; (c) 60Co
Figure 14. Comparison of energy spectra obtained by different particle identification methods: (a) 22Na; (b) 137Cs; (c) 60Co.
表 1 不同粒子鉴别方法的品质因子比较
Table 1. Comparison of FOM of different particle identification methods.
放射源 快总成分比
(快成分5 ns/总成分200 ns)脉冲宽度
(10%峰值)/ns时间衰减常数/s–1 22Na 1.19 1.04 1.07 137Cs 1.30 0.94 0.93 60Co 1.41 1.01 0.96 
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