Accurate calculation of hyperfine-induced 5d6s 3D1,3→6s2 1S0 E2 transitions and hyperfine constants of ytterbium atoms

Zhao Guo-Dong; Cao Jin; Liang Ting; Feng Min; Lu Ben-Quan; Chang Hong

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20240028

Abstract

The parity violation effects via the

${\mathrm{5d6s\; {^3D_1} \to 6s^2 \; {^1S_0}}}$ transition have been extensively investigated in ytterbium atoms. However, the M1 transition between the excitation state

${\mathrm{5d6s\; {^3D_1}}}$ and the ground state

${\mathrm{6s^2 \; {^1S_0}}}$ , as well as the hyperfine-induced E2 transition, significantly affects the detection of parity violation signal. Therefore, it is imperative to obtain the accurate transition probabilities for the M1 and hyperfine-induced E2 transitions between the excitation state

${\mathrm{ 5d6s\; {^3D_1} }}$ and the ground state

${\mathrm{6s^2\; {^1S_0}}}$ . In this work, we use the multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock theory to precisely calculate the transition probabilities for the

${\mathrm{ 5d6s \; {^3D_1} \to 6s^2 \; {^1S_0} }}$ M1 and hyperfine-induced

${\mathrm{ 5d6s \; ^3D_{1,3} \to 6s^2 \; {^1S_0} }}$ E2 transitions. We extensively analyze the influences of electronic correlation effects on the transition probabilities according to our calculations. Furthermore, we analyze the influences of different perturbing states and various hyperfine interactions on the transition probabilities. The calculated hyperfine constants of the e

${\mathrm{^3D_{1,2,3}}}$ and

${\mathrm{ ^1D_2}}$ states accord well with experimental measurements, validating the rationality of our computational model. By combining experimentally measured hyperfine constants with the theoretically derived electric field gradient of the extra nuclear electrons at the nucleus, we reevaluate the nuclear quadrupole moment of the

$^{173}$ Yb nucleus as

$Q = 2. 89(5) \;\rm {b}$ , showing that our result is in excellent agreement with the presently recommended value.

Keywords:

hyperfine induced transition /
Yb atom /
hyperfine constant /
multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock method

PACS:

Authors and contacts

1.
National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710600, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Xi’an 710600, China
3.
School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
4.
Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230026, China

Corresponding author: Lu Ben-Quan, lubenquan@ntsc.ac.cn ; Chang Hong, changhong@ntsc.ac.cn

Funds: Project supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB35010202).

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${\rm 5 d6 s \ ^3 D_1 \to 6 s^2 \ ^1 S_0}$ M1跃迁及 ${\rm 5 d6 s \ ^{1, 3}D_2}\to$ ${\rm6 s^2 \ ^1 S_0}$ E2跃迁的跃迁概率随虚轨道扩展的变化

Transition rates for ${\rm 5 d6 s \ ^3 D_1 \to 6 s^2 \ ^1 S_0}$ M1 transition and ${\rm 5 d6 s \ ^{1, 3}D_2 \to 6 s^2 \ ^1 S_0}$ E2 transition as a function of virtual orbital expansion.

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不同计算模型下打开的光谱轨道(active orbitals, AO)、虚轨道(virtual orbitals, VO) 以及模型产生的组态空间内总的组态个数(number of configuration state wavefunctions, NCFs). $J = 0$ 表示 ${\rm ^1 S_0}$ 态, $J = 1, 3$ 表示 ${\rm ^3 D_{1, 3}}$ 态, 而 $J = 2$ 对应 ${\rm ^3 D_{2}}$ 和 ${\rm ^1 D_{2}}$ 态

Active orbitals (AO), virtual orbitals (VO) opened under different calculation models, and NCFs is the total number of the configurations in the configuration space. $J = 0$ represents ${\rm ^1 S_0}$ state, $J = 1, 3$ represents ${\rm ^3 D_{1, 3}}$ states, and the $J = 2$ corresponds to the ${\rm ^3 D_{2}}$ and ${\rm ^1 D_{2}}$ states, respectively.

Models	AO	VO	NCFs
Models	AO	VO	$J = 0$	$J = 1$	$J = 2$	$J = 3$
DHF			1	1	2	1
VV-1	{ ${\rm 5 d6 s}$ ; ${\rm 6 s^2}$ }	{ ${\rm 7 s, 6 p, 6 d, 5 f, 5 g}$ }	15	16	35	24
C5V-2	{ ${\rm 5 s^25 p^65 d6 s}$ ; ${\rm 5 s^25 p^66 s^2}$ }	{ ${\rm 8 s, 7 p, 7 d, 6 f, 6 g, 6 h}$ }	336	1954	4361	3213
C4V-3	$\{{\rm 4 s^24 p^64 d^{10}4 f^{14}5 s^25 p^65 d6 s};{\rm 4 s^24 p^64 d^{10}4 f^{14}5 s^25 p^66 s^2}\}$	{ ${\rm 9 s, 8 p, 8 d, 7 f, 7 g}$ }	2896	20054	49368	37668
C4V-4	$\{\rm 4 s^24 p^64 d^{10}4 f^{14}5 s^25 p^65 d6 s; \rm 4 s^24 p^64 d^{10}4 f^{14}5 s^25 p^66 s^2 \}$	{ ${\rm 10 s, 9 p, 9 d, 8 f, 8 g, 8 h}$ }	5058	35649	88596	68104
C4V-5	$\{{\rm 4 s^24 p^64 d^{10}4 f^{14}5 s^25 p^65 d6 s}; {\rm 4 s^24 p^64 d^{10}4 f^{14}5 s^25 p^66 s^2}\}$	{ ${\rm 11 s, 10 p, 10 d, 9 f, 9 g, 9 h}$ }	7822	55699	139251	107472
C4V-6	$\{{\rm 4 s^24 p^64 d^{10}4 f^{14}5 s^25 p^65 d6 s}; {\rm 4 s^24 p^64 d^{10}4 f^{14}5 s^25 p^66 s^2} \}$	{ ${\rm 12 s, 11 p, 11 d, 10 f, 10 g, 9 h}$ }	10681	76208	190245	146319
C4V-7	$\{{\rm 4 s^24 p^64 d^{10}4 f^{14}5 s^25 p^65 d6 s}; {\rm 4 s^24 p^64 d^{10}4 f^{14}5 s^25 p^66 s^2}\}$	{ ${\rm 13 s, 12 p, 12 d, 11 f, 10 g, 9 h}$ }	13213	93967	232975	177889
CC5-7	$\cup$ { $5{\mathrm{ s^25 p^65 d6 s}} ; \rm 5 s^25 p^6 s^2$ }	{ ${\rm 13 s, 12 p, 12 d, 11 f, 10 g, 9 h}$ }	154602	435843	643878	750192
MR-3	$\cup \{{\rm 5 s^25 p^6 p^2} ; {\rm 5 s^25 p^25 d^2}; {\rm 5 s^2 5 p^46 s^26 d7 d}$	{ ${\rm 9 s, 8 p, 8 d, 7 f, 7 g, 7 h}$ }	754484	2123833	3122817	3614260
	${5 {\mathrm{s}}^25 {\mathrm{p}}^6 {\mathrm{s}}7{\mathrm{ s}}} ; {5 {\mathrm{s}}^25 {\mathrm{p}}^66 {\mathrm{d}}7 {\mathrm{s}}}; {5 {\mathrm{s}}^25 {\mathrm{p}}^45{\mathrm{ d}}6 {\mathrm{s}}^26{\mathrm{ d}}};$
	${\rm 5 s^25 p^55 d6 s6 p}; {\rm 5 s^25 p^65 f6 p} ; {\rm 5 s^25 p^66 s6 d}$ }

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不同计算模型下 ${\rm 5 d6 s \ ^3 D_1 \to 6 s^2 \ ^1 S_0}$ M1跃迁的激发能 $\Delta E$ ( $\rm {cm^{- 1}}$ ), RME (a.u.)和跃迁概率R( $\rm {s^{- 1}}$ ). 方括号中的值表示以10为底的指数, 圆括号内的值表示误差

Excitation energy $\Delta E$ (in $\rm {cm^{- 1}}$ ), transition probability R (in $\rm {s^{- 1}}$ ), and RME (in a.u.) for the ${\rm 5 d6 s \ ^3 D_1 \to 6 s^2 \ ^1 S_0}$ M1 transition under various computational models. The values in brackets represent exponents with a base of 10, and values in parentheses indicate errors.

Models	∆E	RME	R
DHF	21063.62	1.83[–6]	1.134[–9]
VV-1	24989.1	2.69[–5]	4.059[–7]
C4V-7	22195.61	1.61[–4]	1.019[–5]
CC5-7	22987.31	1.16[–4]	5.887[–6]
MR-3	24430.65	1.47[–4]	1.137[–5]
Breit+QED	24301.85	1.45[–4]	1.088[–5]
Sur等^[10]		1.34[–4]
Expt.^[9]		1.33(20)[–4]
NIST^[35]	24489.10

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${\rm 5 d6 s \ ^{1, 3}D_2 \to 6 s^2 \ ^1 S_0}$ E2 跃迁的激发能 $\Delta E$ ( $\rm {cm^{- 1}}$ ), RME(a.u.) 和跃迁概率R( $\rm {s^{- 1}}$ )在不同计算模型下的结果. V表示速度规范, L表示长度规范

Excitation energy $\Delta E$ (in $\rm {cm^{-1}}$ ), RME (in a.u.), and transition probability R (in $\rm {s^{-1}}$ ) for the ${\rm 5 d6 s \ ^{1, 3}D_2 \to 6 s^2 \ ^1 S_0}$ E2 transition under various computational models. “V” denotes the velocity gauge, and “L” represents the length gauge.

	${\rm ^3 D_2 \to {^1 S_0}}$					${\rm ^1 D_2 \to {^1 S_0}}$
Models	$\Delta E$	$\rm{RME_{\rm L}}$	$\rm{RME_{\rm V}}$	$R_{\rm L}$	$R_{\rm V}$	$\Delta E$	$\rm{RME_{\rm L}}$	$\rm{RME_{\rm V}}$	$R_{\rm L}$	$R_{\rm V}$
DHF	21114.02	0.05	0.05	0.001	0.001	28822.95	$-$ 15.05	$-$ 13.59	403.87	329.46
VV-1	25010.57	2.09	2.00	3.85	3.51	26254.24	$-$ 15.26	$-$ 14.84	238.18	225.08
C4V-7	22406.02	1.18	1.12	0.71	0.64	26208.26	$-$ 11.67	$-$ 11.26	150.96	140.41
CC5-7	23171.20	0.86	0.85	0.45	0.43	28126.76	$-$ 13.55	$-$ 12.75	289.61	256.70
MR-3	24685.75	1.21	1.15	1.20	1.10	28313.29	$-$ 12.63	$-$ 12.84	260.01	232.25
Breit+QED	24553.44	1.18	1.13	1.11	1.02	28206.64	$-$ 12.61	$-$ 11.94	254.33	228.31
Bowers等^[36]		1.12(4)
Expt.^[36]		1.45(7)
NIST^[35]	24751.95					27677.67

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${\rm 5 d6 s \ ^{3}D_{1, 2, 3}}$ 态与 ${\rm ^{1}D_2}$ 态的磁偶极超精细常数A (MHz)和电四极超精细常数B (MHz)

Table 4. Magnetic dipole hyperfine constant A (in MHz) and electric quadrupole hyperfine constant B (in MHz) for the ${\rm 5 d6 s \ ^{3}D_{1, 2, 3}}$ and ${\rm ^{1}D_2}$ states.

		$^{171} {\mathrm{Yb}}$	$^{173} {\mathrm{Yb}}$		Ref.
		A	A	B	Ref.
${\rm ^3 D_1}$	Expt.	$-$ 2040(2)	562.8(5)	337(2)	[36]
		$-$ 2047(47)			[37]
		$-$ 2032.67(17)			[38]
			563(1)	335(1)	[39]
	Theory	$-$ 2349	648	249	[11]
			596	290	[40]
			597		[41]
		$-$ 2119.3	583.79	338.46	This work
${\rm ^3 D_2}$	Expt.	1315(4)	$-$ 363.4(10)	487(5)	[36]
	Expt.		$-$ 362(2)	482(22)	[39]
	Theory	1354	$-$ 373	387	[11]
			$-$ 351	440	[40]
			$-$ 765		[41]
		1314.62	$-$ 362.13	491.39	This work
${\rm ^3 D_3}$	Expt.		$-$ 430(1)	909(29)	[39]
	Theory		$-$ 420	728	[40]
			$-$ 477		[41]
		1626.97	$-$ 448.17	836.5	This work
${\rm ^1 D_2}$	Expt.		100(18)	1115(89)	[39]
	Theory		131	1086	[40]
			465		[41]
		$-$ 313.87	86.46	1053.44	This work

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不同模型下的EFG(a.u.), 以及重新评估后的 $^{173}$ Yb原子核电四极矩Q(b)

The EFG (in a.u.) calculated under different models, along with the reassessment of the nuclear electric quadrupole moment Q (in b) for $^{173}$ Yb.

Models	${\rm ^3 D_1}$		${\rm ^3 D_2}$		${\rm ^3 D_3}$
Models	EFG	Q	EFG	Q	EFG	Q
DHF	0.23	6.09	0.32	6.47	0.55	7.07
C4V-7	0.52	2.75	0.77	2.69	1.29	2.99
CC5-7	0.43	3.26	0.63	3.27	1.10	3.52
MR-3	0.51	2.79	0.74	2.77	1.27	3.04

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$^{171}{\mathrm{Yb}}$ 和 $^{173}{\mathrm{Yb}}$ 原子的超精细诱导 ${\rm 5 d6 s \ {^3 D_{1, 3}}}IF' \to {\rm 6 s^2 \ {^1 S_0}}$ E2跃迁的混合系数(a.u.)

Mixing coefficients (in a.u.) for the hyperfine-induced ${\rm 5 d6 s \ {^3 D_{1, 3}}}IF' \to {\rm 6 s^2 \ {^1 S_0}}$ E2 transition in $^{171} {\mathrm{Yb}}$ and $^{173} {\mathrm{Yb}}$ .

		${\rm (^3 D_2, {^3 D_1})}$			${\rm (^1 D_2, {^3 D_1})}$
	$F'$	$\varepsilon_{1}^{{\rm A}}$	$\varepsilon_{1}^{{\rm B}}$	$\varepsilon_{1}$	$\varepsilon_{2}^{{\rm A}}$	$\varepsilon_{2}^{{\rm B}}$	$\varepsilon_{2}$
$^{171}$ Yb	3/2	$-$ 1.54[ $-$ 4]	0	$-$ 1.54[ $-$ 4]	7.1[ $-$ 6]	0	7.1[ $-$ 6]
	7/2	$-$ 7.36[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 5.47[ $-$ 6]	$-$ 7.91[ $-$ 5]	3.39[ $-$ 6]	4.04[ $-$ 8]	3.43[ $-$ 6]
$^{173}$ Yb	5/2	$-$ 7.17[ $-$ 5]	3.99[ $-$ 6]	$-$ 6.77[ $-$ 5]	3.30[ $-$ 6]	$-$ 2.95[ $-$ 8]	3.27[ $-$ 6]
	3/2	$-$ 5.03[ $-$ 5]	7.47[ $-$ 6]	$-$ 4.28[ $-$ 5]	2.31[ $-$ 6]	$-$ 5.53[ $-$ 8]	2.26[ $-$ 6]

		${\rm (^3 D_2, {^3 D_3})}$			${\rm (^1 D_2, {^3 D_3})}$
	$F'$	$\varepsilon_{1}^{{\rm A}}$	$\varepsilon_{1}^{{\rm B}}$	$\varepsilon_{1}$	$\varepsilon_{2}^{{\rm A}}$	$\varepsilon_{2}^{{\rm B}}$	$\varepsilon_{2}$
$^{171}$ Yb	5/2	5.28[ $-$ 5]	0	5.28[ $-$ 5]	–1.37[ $-$ 5]	0	$-$ 1.37[ $-$ 5]
	9/2	2.35[ $-$ 5]	2.56[ $-$ 6]	2.61[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 6.13[ $-$ 6]	$-$ 3.78[ $-$ 8]	$-$ 6.17[ $-$ 6]
	7/2	2.54[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 3.46[ $-$ 7]	2.51[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 6.61[ $-$ 6]	5.1[ $-$ 9]	$-$ 6.61[ $-$ 6]
$^{173}$ Yb	5/2	2.21[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 2.41[ $-$ 6]	1.97[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 5.76[ $-$ 6]	3.55[ $-$ 8]	$-$ 5.73[ $-$ 6]
	3/2	1.61[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 2.84[ $-$ 6]	1.32[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 4.81[ $-$ 6]	4.19[ $-$ 8]	$-$ 4.14[ $-$ 6]
	1/2	8.40[ $-$ 6]	$-$ 1.83[ $-$ 6]	6.57[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 2.19[ $-$ 6]	2.7[ $-$ 8]	$-$ 2.16[ $-$ 6]

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$^{171} {\mathrm{Yb}}$ 和 $^{173} {\mathrm{Yb}}$ 的超精细诱导 ${\rm 5 d6 s \ {^3 D_{1, 3}}}IF' \to {\rm 6 s^2 \ {^1 S_0}}$ E2跃迁的跃迁概率( $\rm s^{- 1}$ ). $T_1$ 与 $T_2$ 分别表示磁偶极超精细相互作用与电四极超精细相互作用下的诱导跃迁概率. $R_1$ 与 $R_3$ 表示超精细诱导跃迁 ${\rm 5 d6 s \ {^3 D_{1}}}IF' \to {\rm 6 s^2 \ {^1 S_0}}$ 中 ${\rm ^{3}D_2}$ 微扰态和 ${\rm ^{1}D_2}$ 微扰态与 ${\rm {^3 D_{1}}}$ 态混合后的诱导跃迁概率. $R_1'$ 与 $R_3'$ 表示超精细诱导跃迁 ${\rm 5 d6 s \ {^3 D_{3}}}IF' \to {\rm 6 s^2 \ {^1 S_0}}$ 中 ${\rm ^{3}D_2}$ 微扰态和 ${\rm ^{1}D_2}$ 微扰态与 ${\rm {^3 D_{3}}}$ 态混合后的诱导跃迁概率. 方括号内的数值代表以10 为底的指数, 圆括号内的数值代表误差

Transition probabilities (in $\rm s^{-1}$ ) for the hyperfine-induced ${\rm 5 d6 s \ {^3 D_{1, 3}}}IF' \to {\rm 6 s^2 \ {^1 S_0}}$ E2 transitions in $^{171} {\mathrm{Yb}}$ and $^{173} {\mathrm{Yb}}$ . T₁ and T₂ represent the induced transition probabilities under magnetic dipole hyperfine interaction and electric quadrupole hyperfine interaction, respectively. $R_1$ and $R_3$ represent the transition probabilities in the hyperfine-induced transition ${\rm 5 d6 s \ {^3 D_{1}}}IF' \to {\rm 6 s^2 \ {^1 S_0}}$ , where the perturbed states ${\rm ^{3}D_2}$ and ${\rm ^{1}D_2}$ are mixed with the ${\rm {^3 D_{1}}}$ state. Similarly, $R_1'$ and $R_3'$ denote the transition probabilities in the hyperfine-induced transition ${\rm 5 d6 s \ {^3 D_{3}}}IF' \to {\rm 6 s^2 \ {^1 S_0}}$ , where the perturbed states ${\rm ^{3}D_2}$ and ${\rm ^{1}D_2}$ are mixed with the ${\rm {^3 D_{3}}}$ state. The numerical values in square brackets denote the exponentiation with base 10, while the values in parentheses represent the error.

	$R_1$		$R_3$		Total
$F'$	$T_1$	$T_2$	$T_1$	$T_2$	Total
3/2	1.09[ $-$ 8]	0	2.64[ $-$ 9]	0	2.42(23)[ $-$ 8]
7/2	2.48[ $-$ 9]	1.37[ $-$ 11]	6.00[ $-$ 10]	8.53[ $-$ 14]	6.13(60)[ $-$ 9]
5/2	2.35[ $-$ 9]	7.29[ $-$ 12]	5.69[ $-$ 10]	4.55[ $-$ 14]	4.82(47)[ $-$ 9]
3/2	1.16[ $-$ 9]	2.55[ $-$ 11]	2.80[ $-$ 10]	1.60[ $-$ 13]	2.05(20)[ $-$ 9]

	$R_1'$		$R_3'$		Total
$F'$	$T_1$	$T_2$	$T_1$	$T_2$	Total
5/2	6.41[ $-$ 10]	0	4.96[ $-$ 9]	0	9.16(89)[ $-$ 9]
9/2	1.27[ $-$ 10]	1.51[ $-$ 12]	9.85[ $-$ 10]	3.75[ $-$ 14]	1.94(18)[ $-$ 9]
7/2	1.48[ $-$ 10]	2.74[ $-$ 14]	1.15[ $-$ 9]	6.82[ $-$ 16]	2.10(20)[ $-$ 9]
5/2	1.12[ $-$ 10]	1.33[ $-$ 12]	8.70[ $-$ 10]	3.30[ $-$ 14]	1.50(14)[ $-$ 9]
3/2	5.92[ $-$ 11]	1.85[ $-$ 12]	4.58[ $-$ 10]	4.60[ $-$ 14]	7.58(74)[ $-$ 10]
1/2	1.62[ $-$ 11]	7.68[ $-$ 13]	1.25[ $-$ 10]	1.91[ $-$ 14]	2.02(19)[ $-$ 10]

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$^{171}{\mathrm{Yb}}$ 和 $^{173}{\mathrm{Yb}}$ 的超精细诱导 ${\rm 5 d6 s \ {^3 D_{1}}}IF' \to {\rm 6 s^2 \ {^1 S_0}}$ E2跃迁的跃迁幅度. $E2_{\rm A}$ 与 $E2_{\rm B}$ 分别表示磁偶极超精细相互作用与电四极超精细相互作用下的诱导跃迁幅度. $E2_{{\rm tot}}$ 表示磁偶极与电四极超精细相互作用共同作用下的诱导跃迁幅度. 方括号内的数值代表以10为底的指数, 圆括号内的数值代表误差

Transition amplitude of the hyperfine-induced ${\rm 5 d6 s \ {^3 D_{1}}}IF' \to {\rm 6 s^2 \ {^1 S_0}}$ E2 transition in $^{171} {\mathrm{Yb}}$ and $^{173} {\mathrm{Yb}}$ . $E2_{\rm A}$ and $E2_{\rm B}$ represent the induced transition amplitudes under the magnetic dipole hyperfine interaction and electric quadrupole hyperfine interaction, respectively. $E2_{{\rm tot}}$ denotes the induced transition amplitude under the combined influence of magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole hyperfine interactions. The numerical values in square brackets denote the exponentiation with base 10, while the values in parentheses represent the error.

	IF				Ref.
	1/2, 3/2	5/2, 3/2	5/2, 5/5	5/2, 7/2	Ref.
$E2_{\rm A}$	6.43[ $-$ 4]	$-$ 3.63[ $-$ 4]	6.34[ $-$ 4]	$-$ 7.52[ $-$ 4]	Kozlov^[11]
$E2_{\rm A}$	1.62[ $-$ 4]	$-$ 0.53[ $-$ 4]	9.26[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 1.09[ $-$ 4]	This work
$E2_{\rm B}$	0	$-$ 3.90[ $-$ 5]	2.10[ $-$ 5]	2.80[ $-$ 5]	Kozlov^[11]
$E2_{\rm B}$	0	$-$ 7.88[ $-$ 6]	5.16[ $-$ 6]	8.16[ $-$ 6]	This work
$E2_{{\rm tot}}$	6.40(1.0)[ $-$ 4]	$-$ 4.00(60)[ $-$ 4]	6.60(1.0)[ $-$ 4]	$-$ 7.20(1.2)[ $-$ 4]	Kozlov^[11]
$E2_{{\rm tot}}$	1.62(6)[ $-$ 4]	$-$ 4.50(20)[ $-$ 5]	9.76(41)[ $-$ 5]	$-$ 1.01(4)[ $-$ 4]	This work

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Accurate calculation of hyperfine-induced 5d6s ³D_1,3→6s² ¹S₀ E2 transitions and hyperfine constants of ytterbium atoms

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Corresponding author: Lu Ben-Quan, lubenquan@ntsc.ac.cn ; Chang Hong, changhong@ntsc.ac.cn

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