Key issues and solutions affecting efficiency and stability of perovskite/heterojunction tandem solar cells

Yao Mei-Ling; Liao Ji-Xing; Lu Hao-Feng; Huang Qiang; Cui Yan-Feng; Li Xiang; Yang Xue-Ying; Bai Yang

doi:10.7498/aps.73.20231977

Abstract

Efficient and stable perovskite/heterojunction tandem solar cells (PTSC) are a direction of joint exploration in both academia and industry. Achieving efficient solar energy utilization by assembling structural layers with different bandgaps in an optical sequence is the original design strategy for PTSC. Through the reasonable distribution of the absorption spectra of each layer, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of PTSC can theoretically be increased to more than 40%. At present, the efficiency advantage of small-area PTSC is well-established, but there are still many challenges in the commercialization of solar cell efficiency and stability. Therefore, in this work, the two-terminal (2T) and four-terminal (4T) stacking methods are regarded as the main structural routes, and the optimal design of the key structural layers of PTSC, bandgap adjustment, additive regulation, optimization of interlayer transport, and optimization of the module interconnection and encapsulation methods are focused on. Based on the existing research results, the key problems and solutions affecting the efficiency and stability of PTSC are summarized and outlooked, aiming to provide directional solutions to the key problems in the structural design of PTSC. In addition, from the application perspective, it is proposed that before the stability problem of the perovskite is fundamentally solved, the 4T PTSC is more likely to achieve product iteration and industrial efficiency improvement, with the expectation of taking the lead in commercialization. This work emphasizes the popularization and practical application of commercialization, with a perspective that is more in line with the market trend and close to the industrial demand, and is expected to provide an important reference for the commercialization of PTSC in the academic circles.

Keywords:

perovskite materials /
heterojunction solar cell /
two terminal and four terminal tandem structure /
commercialization process

Authors and contacts

1.
Cannovation Low Carbon New Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Changzhou 213000, China
2.
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China

Corresponding author: Lu Hao-Feng, luhf@cando-solar.com ; Bai Yang, y.bai@siat.ac.cn

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References

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图 1 叠层电池工作原理, 单结(a)和多结(b)光伏电池中的光吸收示意图; 叠层太阳能电池中四端子(c)和两端子(d)叠层电池; (e) 金属卤化物钙钛矿的晶体结构^[10]

Figure 1. Introduction of tandem PVs: Schematic illustration showing light absorption in single (a) and multijunction (b) PVs; four-terminal (c) and two-terminal (d) tandem PVs; (e) crystal structure of metal halide perovskites^[10].

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图 2 (a) 两端子(2T)钙钛矿/异质结叠层太阳能电池结构设计及其典型扫描电镜(SEM)图示^[14]; (b) 四端子(4T)钙钛矿/异质结叠层电池结构设计及各单结电池对应典型SEM图示^[15,^16]

Figure 2. (a) Structure of two-terminal (2T) perovskite/heterojunction tandem solar cells (PTSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of 2T PTSC^[14]; (b) four-terminal (4T) PTSC structure, and SEM of each single-junction solar cell^[15,16].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 光诱导卤化物偏析机制　(a) 在光照下从 I/Br 混合相中形成富碘相的成核^[32]; (b) 不同化合物的带隙与相对溴浓度(x)的函数关系^[32]

Figure 3. Mechanism of photo-induced halide polarization: (a) Nucleation of an I-rich phase from an I/Br mixed phase under light irradiation^[32]; (b) band gap of different compounds as a function of relative bromine concentration, x^[32]

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图 4 超分子淀粉碘的结构性质及其与钙钛矿的相互作用机制^[47]

Figure 4. Structure of supramolecular amyloid iodine and its mechanism of interaction with perovskite^[47].

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图 5 PI优化的钙钛矿/异质结叠层太阳能电池结构与性能^[52]

Figure 5. Piperazine iodide-optimised structure and performance of perovskite heterojunction tandem solar cells^[52].

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图 6 表面存在SAM锚定的NiO_x分子结构, 分子结构和侧视图　(a) MeO-2PACz^[59]; (b) MeO-4PADBC^[59]; (c) MeO-4PADBC锚定在NiO_x纳米颗粒上^[59]

Figure 6. Molecular structure of HTL. Molecular structure and side view of (a) MeO-2PACz, (b) MeO-4PADBC, and (c) MeO-4PADBC anchoring on NiO_x nanoparticles as HTL in PSC^[59].

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图 7 (a) PSC 中 PCE 创纪录的最新进展^[66]; (b) 具有记录PCE的器件结构和提高PSC PCE的接口工程^[66]; (c) FOA 的 3D 结构^[66]; (d) FOA处理过程^[66]; (e) SnO₂, SnO₂-FOA 和钙钛矿的能级排列^[66]; (f) FOA分布及其对上部钙钛矿晶体生长的调节^[66]; (g) FOA在掩埋SnO₂/钙钛矿界面处的钝化功能^[66]

Figure 7. (a) Recent advances with the record PCE in PSCs^[66]; (b) the device structure with record PCE and the interface engineering boosting the PCE of PSCs^[66]; (c) the 3D structure of FOA^[66]; (d) the procedures of the FOA treatment^[66]; (e) energy level alignment of SnO₂, SnO₂-FOA, and perovskite^[66]; (f) distribution of FOA and its regulation for upper perovskite crystal growth^[66]; (g) the passivation function of FOA at the buried SnO₂/perovskite interface.^[66]

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图 8 双面钙钛矿/晶硅叠层太阳能电池的制作步骤^[89]

Figure 8. Fabrication steps for bifacial perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells^[89].

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图 9 用于“软着陆”沉积的替代先进溅射设计和其他替代 PVD 技术^[76]　(a) 磁控管溅射; (b) 面对靶溅射; (c) 气流溅射系统; (d) 反应性等离子体沉积(空心阴极离子镀); (e) 离子束溅射; (f) 脉冲激光沉积; (g) 氧化膜溅射沉积过程与底层基板的损坏机制

Figure 9. Schematic demonstrations of alternative advanced sputtering designs and other alternative PVD techniques for ‘‘soft-landing’’ deposition^[76]: (a) Magnetron sputtering; (b) facing target sputtering; (c) gas-flow sputtering system; (d) reactive plasma deposition (hollow cathode ion plating); (e) ion beam sputtering; (f) pulsed laser deposition; (g) the sputtering process of oxide films and damage mechanisms of the underlying substrate during the sputter deposition.

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图 10 纳米绒面叠层结构与光学设计^[82], 叠层正面和背面的SEM横截面图　(a)平面; (b) 纳米绒面; (c) 纳米绒面+RDBL反射器; (d) 带有纳米绒面结构的晶硅底电池沉积接触层前的 AFM 图像; (e) 在约1 cm²的正面银环(左)和背面的 RDBL(右)之间的叠层器件

Figure 10. Nanotextured PSTSC design^[82]. SEM cross-section micrographs of the front and rear side of (a) planar, (b) nanotextured, (c) nanotextured + RDBL PSTSCs; (d) AFM image of the nanostructured silicon bottom cell front side prior to the deposition of the contact layers^[82]; (e) photographs of the final PSTSC in between the front-side silver ring of approximately 1 cm² (left) and the RDBL on the rear side (right).

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图 11 (a) 具有 ITO 中间层或 nc-Si:H 复合结的钙钛矿/异质结串联器件J-V 特性对比; 二次电子 SEM 图像, 单独沉积在ITO复合层上的spiro-TTB(b), 以及退火后SEM对比(c); 沉积在 nc-Si:H 复合结上的spiro-TTB的SEM图像(d)与150 ℃下退火后SEM (e)对比^[85]

Figure 11. Comparison between different recombination junctions. (a) J–V characteristics of fully textured perovskite/SHJ tandem devices that feature either an ITO or an nc-Si:H recombination junction^[85]. Top view secondary electron SEM images of spiro-TTB as deposited on the ITO recombination layer (b) and after annealing at 150 ℃ (c). SEM images of spiro-TTB as deposited on the nc-Si:H recombination junction (d) and after annealing at 150 ℃ (e)^[85].

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图 12 双面电池的双光源检测(a)与单光源反射检测(b)^[89]

Figure 12. Two possible setups for the characterization of the bifacial tandem: (a) Double light sources; (b) single light source^[89].

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图 13 IEC 61215:2016湿热和热循环试验用太阳能电池样品与结构图^[92]　(a) 封装前电池的金属侧后表面(红色方块表示有效区域); (b) 聚异丁烯(PIB)基聚合物的毯式封装; (c) 基于PO的毯式密封; (d) 基于PIB边缘密封后电池的“前”视图(从上层看); (e), (f) 各封装方案的横截面

Figure 13. Solar cells for IEC 61215:2016 damp heat and thermal cycling tests^[92]: (a) “Rear” or metal-side view of PSC before packaging (red square denotes the active area); (b) “front” view (from the superstrate side) of PSC after PIB-based blanket encapsulation; (c) PO-based blanket encapsulation; (d) PIB edge seal; (e), (f) illustrations of the cross sections of the respective encapsulation schemes (not to scale).

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Vol. 73, Issue 8 - 2024-04-20

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