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Coherent population trapping (CPT) oscillation is a transient oscillation phenomenon based on the CPT effect, which is related to the Raman detuning of the coherent bichromatic laser fields from the hyperfine ground-states of three-level Λ system. In this work, sawtooth wave is adopted to modulate the frequency of microwave signal to make Raman detuning change uniformly and stepping. Meanwhile, by building the relationship between the microwave frequency modulation rate and the change rate of Raman detuning, the effects of the change rate and mode of Raman detuning on CPT oscillation are analyzed respectively. The results reveal that when the Raman detuning changes uniformly, the CPT oscillation will occur on condition that the change rate is high enough, and the excited oscillations show non-harmonic oscillation behavior. When the Raman detuning is triggered off by step change, the excited CPT oscillation is a damping oscillation, and the oscillation frequency is equal to the frequency of Raman detuning. The modulation of Raman detuning is realized by using sawtooth wave to modulate the microwave frequency, and then the complete establishment of CPT state and the complete attenuation of CPT oscillation process are achieved. This work presents a new modulation method to realize the CPT oscillation, which shows great application potential in the field of weak magnetic measurements and atomic clocks.
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Keywords:
- coherent population trapping /
- transient oscillation /
- Raman detuning /
- damping oscillation
[1] Andryushkov V, Radnatarov D, Kobtsev S 2022 Appl. Opt. 61 3604
Google Scholar
[2] Li X J, Shi Y, Xue H B, Ruan Y, Feng Y Y 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 030701
Google Scholar
[3] Alzetta G, Gozzini A, Moi L Orriols G 1976 Nuovo Cimento B 36 5
Google Scholar
[4] Liu X C, Ru N, Duan J Y, Yun P, Yao M H, Qu J F 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 043201
Google Scholar
[5] Kitching J 2018 Appl. Phys. Rev. 5 031302
Google Scholar
[6] Vanier J 2005 Appl. Phys. B 81 421
Google Scholar
[7] Shah V, Kitching J 2010 Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 59 21
Google Scholar
[8] Vanier J, Godone A, Levi F 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 2345
Google Scholar
[9] Park S J, Cho H, Kwon T Y, Lee H S 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 023806
Google Scholar
[10] Guo T, Deng K, Chen X Z, Wang Z 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 151108
Google Scholar
[11] 赵晓娜, 庄煜昕, 汪中 2015 64 134203
Google Scholar
Zhao X N, Zhuang Y X, Wang Z 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 134203
Google Scholar
[12] Khripunov S A, Radnatarov D A, Kobtsev S M, et al. 2016 Quantum Electron. 46 668
Google Scholar
[13] Kobtsev S, Radnatarov D, Khripunov S, et al. 2019 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 36 2700
Google Scholar
[14] Grewal R S, Pustelny S, Rybak A, Florkowski M 2018 Phys. Rev. A 97 043832
Google Scholar
[15] Sun Y J, Ren Y X, Xu Y F, Wang Z Y 2021 Opt. Laser Technol. 138 106903
Google Scholar
[16] Grewal R S, Pustelny S 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 033825
Google Scholar
[17] Arimondo E, Orriols G 1976 Lett. Nuovo Cimento 17 333
Google Scholar
[18] Erhard M, Helm H 2001 Phys. Rev. A 63 043813
Google Scholar
[19] Dan L, Fan Y Y, Zhuang Y X, Wang Z, Zhao J Y 2020 EPL 130 60004
Google Scholar
[20] Boller K J, Imamoglu A, Harris S E 1991 Appl. Rev. Lett. 66 2593
Google Scholar
[21] Shwa D, Katz N 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 023858
Google Scholar
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图 1 双色光激发Λ型三能级原子示意图
Figure 1. A typical Λ energy system coherent bichromatic laser fields.
图 2 CPT信号测试系统框图
Figure 2. Experimental setup for the CPT signal.
图 3 锯齿波信号与微波频率和拉曼失谐之间的关系 (a) 用于微波频率扫描的锯齿波信号; (b) 微波频率变化; (c) 拉曼失谐变化
Figure 3. The relationships of sawtooth signal, microwave frequency and Raman detuning: (a) Sawtooth signal for microwave frequency scanning; (b) the change of microwave frequency; (c) the change of Raman detuning
图 4 不同频率锯齿波信号调制下的CPT信号 (a) 10 Hz; (b) 100 Hz
Figure 4. Different CPT signals excited by sawtooth waves with different frequencies: (a) 10 Hz; (b) 100 Hz.
图 5 不同拉曼失谐与CPT信号的关系 (a) 2 kHz; (b) 3 kHz; (c) 4 kHz; (d) 5 kHz; (e) 6 kHz; (f) 8 kHz
Figure 5. The relationships of different Raman detuning and CPT signals: (a) 2 kHz; (b) 3 kHz; (c) 4 kHz; (d) 5 kHz; (e) 6 kHz; (f) 8 kHz.
图 6 不同拉曼失谐均匀变化速率条件下, CPT态建立过程所得信号拟合 (a) 扫描宽度为1 kHz; (b) 扫描宽度为1.5 kHz; (c) 扫描宽度为2 kHz; (d) 扫描宽度为2.5 kHz; (e) 扫描宽度为3 kHz; (f) 扫描宽度为4 kHz
Figure 6. The CPT signals excited by different change rate of Raman detuning: (a) The scan span is 1 kHz; (b) the scan span is 1.5 kHz; (c) the scan span is 2 kHz; (d) the scan span is 2.5 kHz; (e) the scan span is 3 kHz; (f) the scan span is 4 kHz
图 7 不同拉曼失谐条件下, CPT信号的振荡频率 (a) 2 kHz; (b) 3 kHz; (c) 4 kHz; (d) 5 kHz; (e) 6 kHz; (f) 8 kHz
Figure 7. The CPT oscillation frequency excited by different Raman detuning: (a) 2 kHz; (b) 3 kHz; (c) 4 kHz; (d) 5 kHz; (e) 6 kHz; (f) 8 kHz.
图 8 CPT信号的振荡频率以及衰减速率与拉曼失谐关系图 (a) 阻尼振荡频率; (b) 阻尼振荡衰减速率
Figure 8. The relationships between the oscillation frequency and damping decrement of CPT signals and Raman detuning: (a) The damping oscillation frequency; (b) the damping decrement.
表 1 微波频率调制参数
Table 1. The modulation parameters of experiments.
序号 微波中心
频率/GHz频率偏移/kHz 扫描宽度/kHz 拉曼失谐/kHz (a) 3.417339564 0.50 1.0 2 (b) 3.417339314 0.75 1.5 3 (c) 3.417339064 1.00 2.0 4 (d) 3.417338814 1.25 2.5 5 (e) 3.417338564 1.50 3.0 6 (f) 3.417338064 2.00 4.0 8 
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[1] Andryushkov V, Radnatarov D, Kobtsev S 2022 Appl. Opt. 61 3604
Google Scholar
[2] Li X J, Shi Y, Xue H B, Ruan Y, Feng Y Y 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 030701
Google Scholar
[3] Alzetta G, Gozzini A, Moi L Orriols G 1976 Nuovo Cimento B 36 5
Google Scholar
[4] Liu X C, Ru N, Duan J Y, Yun P, Yao M H, Qu J F 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 043201
Google Scholar
[5] Kitching J 2018 Appl. Phys. Rev. 5 031302
Google Scholar
[6] Vanier J 2005 Appl. Phys. B 81 421
Google Scholar
[7] Shah V, Kitching J 2010 Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 59 21
Google Scholar
[8] Vanier J, Godone A, Levi F 1998 Phys. Rev. A 58 2345
Google Scholar
[9] Park S J, Cho H, Kwon T Y, Lee H S 2004 Phys. Rev. A 69 023806
Google Scholar
[10] Guo T, Deng K, Chen X Z, Wang Z 2009 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 151108
Google Scholar
[11] 赵晓娜, 庄煜昕, 汪中 2015 64 134203
Google Scholar
Zhao X N, Zhuang Y X, Wang Z 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 134203
Google Scholar
[12] Khripunov S A, Radnatarov D A, Kobtsev S M, et al. 2016 Quantum Electron. 46 668
Google Scholar
[13] Kobtsev S, Radnatarov D, Khripunov S, et al. 2019 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B: Opt. Phys. 36 2700
Google Scholar
[14] Grewal R S, Pustelny S, Rybak A, Florkowski M 2018 Phys. Rev. A 97 043832
Google Scholar
[15] Sun Y J, Ren Y X, Xu Y F, Wang Z Y 2021 Opt. Laser Technol. 138 106903
Google Scholar
[16] Grewal R S, Pustelny S 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 033825
Google Scholar
[17] Arimondo E, Orriols G 1976 Lett. Nuovo Cimento 17 333
Google Scholar
[18] Erhard M, Helm H 2001 Phys. Rev. A 63 043813
Google Scholar
[19] Dan L, Fan Y Y, Zhuang Y X, Wang Z, Zhao J Y 2020 EPL 130 60004
Google Scholar
[20] Boller K J, Imamoglu A, Harris S E 1991 Appl. Rev. Lett. 66 2593
Google Scholar
[21] Shwa D, Katz N 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 023858
Google Scholar
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