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In this paper, we analyze the process of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) based on quantum theory and set up a traditional point-scanning CARS microscope. With this microscope, high-contrast images of polystyrene microspheres are obtained. By scanning polystyrene beads with 110 nm diameter, we reconstruct the point spread faction (PSF) of the system. And the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the PSF shows a lateral resolution about 600 nm, which is larger than the theoretical value (～ 300 nm). Therefore, we propose several resolution-improvement approaches, which lay a strong foundation for the realization of nano-CARS microscopy.
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Keywords:
- coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering /
- microscopy /
- resolution
[1] Courjon D, Bainier C 1994 Reports on Progress in Physics 57 989
[2] Axelrod D, Burghardt T P, Thompson N L 1984 Annual Rev. Biophys. Bioengin. 13 247
[3] Hell S W, Wichmann J 1994 Opt. Lett. 19 780
[4] Rust M J, Bates M, Zhuang X 2006 Nature Methods 3 793
[5] Betzig E, Patterson G H, Sougrat R, Lindwasser O W, Olenych S, Bonifacino J S 2006 Science 313 1642
[6] Begley R F, Harvey A B, Byer R L 1974 Appl. Phys. Lett. 25 387
[7] Duncan M D, Reintjes J, Manuccia T J 1982 Opt. Lett. 7 350
[8] Zumbusch A, Holtom G R, Xie X S 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4142
[9] Cheng J X, Jia Y K, Zheng G F, Xie X S 2002 Biophys. J. 83 502
[10] Lu F, Zheng W, Huang Z 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 1870
[11] Heuke S, Legesse F B, Akimov D, Hbner U, Dellith J, Schmitt M, Popp J 2015 JOSA B 32 1773
[12] Hajek K M, Littleton B, Turk D, McIntyre T J, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H 2010 Opt. Express 18 19263
[13] Namboodiri M, Khan T Z, Bom S, Flachenecker G, Materny A 2013 Opt. Express 21 918
[14] Lin J, Er K Z J, Zheng W, Huang Z 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 083705
[15] Upputuri P K, Wu Z, Gong L, Ong C K, Wang H 2014 Opt. Express 22 12890
[16] Beeker W P, Gro P, Lee C J, Cleff C, Offerhaus H L, Fallnich C, Herek J L, Boller K J 2009 Opt. Express 17 22632
[17] Beeker W P, Lee C J, Boller K J, Gro P, Cleff C, Fallnich C, Offerhaus H L, Herek J L 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 012507
[18] Beeker W P, Lee C J, Boller K J, Gro P, Cleff C, Fallnich C, Offerhaus H L, Herek J L 2011 J. Raman Spectrosc. 42 1854
[19] Liu W, Niu H B 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 023830
[20] Liu X, Liu W, Yin J, Qu J L, Lin Z Y, Niu H B 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 34202
[21] Liu S L, Chen D N, Liu W, Niu H B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 184210 (in Chinese) [刘双龙, 陈丹妮, 刘伟, 牛憨笨 2013 62 184210]
[22] Liu W, Chen D N, Liu S L, Niu H B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 164202 (in Chinese) [刘伟, 陈丹妮, 刘双龙, 牛憨笨 2013 62 164202]
[23] Volkmer A, Book L D, Xie X S 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 1505
[24] Cheng J X, Book L D, Xie X S 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 1341
[25] Potma E O, Evans C L, Xie X S 2006 Opt. Lett. 31 241
[26] Gachet D, Billard F, Sandeau N, Rigneault H 2007 Opt. Express 15 10408
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[1] Courjon D, Bainier C 1994 Reports on Progress in Physics 57 989
[2] Axelrod D, Burghardt T P, Thompson N L 1984 Annual Rev. Biophys. Bioengin. 13 247
[3] Hell S W, Wichmann J 1994 Opt. Lett. 19 780
[4] Rust M J, Bates M, Zhuang X 2006 Nature Methods 3 793
[5] Betzig E, Patterson G H, Sougrat R, Lindwasser O W, Olenych S, Bonifacino J S 2006 Science 313 1642
[6] Begley R F, Harvey A B, Byer R L 1974 Appl. Phys. Lett. 25 387
[7] Duncan M D, Reintjes J, Manuccia T J 1982 Opt. Lett. 7 350
[8] Zumbusch A, Holtom G R, Xie X S 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 4142
[9] Cheng J X, Jia Y K, Zheng G F, Xie X S 2002 Biophys. J. 83 502
[10] Lu F, Zheng W, Huang Z 2009 Opt. Lett. 34 1870
[11] Heuke S, Legesse F B, Akimov D, Hbner U, Dellith J, Schmitt M, Popp J 2015 JOSA B 32 1773
[12] Hajek K M, Littleton B, Turk D, McIntyre T J, Rubinsztein-Dunlop H 2010 Opt. Express 18 19263
[13] Namboodiri M, Khan T Z, Bom S, Flachenecker G, Materny A 2013 Opt. Express 21 918
[14] Lin J, Er K Z J, Zheng W, Huang Z 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 083705
[15] Upputuri P K, Wu Z, Gong L, Ong C K, Wang H 2014 Opt. Express 22 12890
[16] Beeker W P, Gro P, Lee C J, Cleff C, Offerhaus H L, Fallnich C, Herek J L, Boller K J 2009 Opt. Express 17 22632
[17] Beeker W P, Lee C J, Boller K J, Gro P, Cleff C, Fallnich C, Offerhaus H L, Herek J L 2010 Phys. Rev. A 81 012507
[18] Beeker W P, Lee C J, Boller K J, Gro P, Cleff C, Fallnich C, Offerhaus H L, Herek J L 2011 J. Raman Spectrosc. 42 1854
[19] Liu W, Niu H B 2011 Phys. Rev. A 83 023830
[20] Liu X, Liu W, Yin J, Qu J L, Lin Z Y, Niu H B 2011 Chin. Phys. Lett. 28 34202
[21] Liu S L, Chen D N, Liu W, Niu H B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 184210 (in Chinese) [刘双龙, 陈丹妮, 刘伟, 牛憨笨 2013 62 184210]
[22] Liu W, Chen D N, Liu S L, Niu H B 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 164202 (in Chinese) [刘伟, 陈丹妮, 刘双龙, 牛憨笨 2013 62 164202]
[23] Volkmer A, Book L D, Xie X S 2002 Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 1505
[24] Cheng J X, Book L D, Xie X S 2001 Opt. Lett. 26 1341
[25] Potma E O, Evans C L, Xie X S 2006 Opt. Lett. 31 241
[26] Gachet D, Billard F, Sandeau N, Rigneault H 2007 Opt. Express 15 10408
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