Near-infrared self-assembled laser based on Ag<sub>2</sub>Se quantum dots

Liao Chen; Yao Ning; Tang Lu-Ping; Shi Wei-Hua; Sun Shao-Ling; Yang Hao-Ran

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20231457

Abstract

The development of colloidal near-infrared quantum dot (QD) lasers has been hindered by the high state degeneracy of lead salt QDs and the difficulty in coupling colloidal QDs to the resonant cavity. In this study, we show that the above challenges can be addressed by the self-assembly laser based on Ag₂Se QDs. The Ag₂Se QDs with the lowest quantized states 2-fold degeneracy are used to replace lead salt quantum dots to achieve low threshold near-infrared optical gain. We employ the finite element method to in depth analyze the mode field distribution and oscillation mechanism of the coffee-ring microcavity. Our results reveal that the light field oscillates in a zig-zag path along the cross-sectional area, indicating strong coupling between the QDs and the cavity mode. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship of cavity length with free spectrum range and laser emission wavelength. Using this relationship and the gain spectrum characteristics of Ag₂Se QDs, we design a single-mode near-infrared laser and conduct a comprehensive analysis. The simulation results are used to fabricate a single-mode near-infrared Ag₂Se QD coffee-ring microlaser, which exhibits a linewidth of 0.3 nm and a threshold of 158 μJ/cm². Currently, it holds the record for the lowest laser threshold among near-infrared colloidal QD lasers. The increasing of the laser cavity length leads the emission wavelength to increase from 1300 nm to 1323 nm. In addition, the toxicity of Ag₂Se QD is remarkably negligible. Our work promotes the development of environment-friendly near-infrared lasers toward practical lasers.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
2.
College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
3.
SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
4.
Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Corresponding author: Liao Chen, chenliao@njupt.edu.cn ; Shi Wei-Hua, shiwh@njupt.edu.cn ;

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11704200, 52001168), the Research Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China (Grant No. NY217130), the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2022M710668), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Grant No. 2242020k30039), and the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, China.

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References

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[2]	Whitworth G L, Dalmases M, Taghipour N, Konstantatos G 2021 Nat. Photonics 15 738 Google Scholar
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[4]	Vollmer F, Arnold S 2008 Nat. Methods 5 591 Google Scholar
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[6]	Klimov V, Mikhailovsky A, Xu S, Malko A, Hollingsworth J, Leatherdale A C, Eisler H J, Bawendi M 2000 Science 290 314 Google Scholar
[7]	Ahn N, Livache C, Pinchetti V, Jung H, Jin H, Hahm D, Park Y S, Klimov V I 2023 Nature 617 79 Google Scholar
[8]	Fan F, Voznyy O, Sabatini R P, Bicanic K T, Adachi M M, McBride J R, Reid K R, Park Y S, Li X, Jain A, Quintero-Bermudez R, Saravanapavanantham M, Liu M, Korkusinski M, Hawrylak P, Klimov V I, Rosenthal S J, Hoogland S, Sargent E H 2017 Nature 544 75 Google Scholar
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[39]	Ahn N, Livache C, Pinchetti V, Klimov V I 2023 Chem. Rev. 123 8251 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 (a) Ag₂Se 量子点的TEM图和高分辨率TEM图(插图); (b) Ag₂Se量子点在四氯乙烯中的吸收(Abs)光谱和荧光(PL)光谱; (c) Ag₂Se 量子点咖啡环的光学显微镜图; (d)图(c)中咖啡环左上部分AFM图

Figure 1. (a) TEM and high-resolution TEM (inset) images of Ag₂Se QDs; (b) absorption and PL spectra of Ag₂Se QDs in tetrachloroethylene; (c) optical microscope image of an Ag₂Se quantum dots coffee-ring; (d) AFM image of the top-left part of the coffee-ring shown in panel (c).

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a)净模式增益$ {g_{{\text{mod}}}} = 0 $时咖啡环微腔的光场分布图; (b)微腔的驻波场分布图; (c)腔长分别为9.2, 7.9和7.1 μm的咖啡环微腔的发射谱; (d)咖啡环微腔的FSR与腔长的关系(圆点), 实线是标准F-P腔的FSR

Figure 2. (a) Optical field distribution of the coffee-ring microcavity with the net mode gain $ {g_{{\text{mod}}}} = 0 $; (b) standing wave field distribution in coffee-ring microcavity; (c) emission spectra with different cavity lengths of 9.2, 7.9 and 7.1 μm, respectively; (d) relationship between the FSR of the coffee-ring microcavity and the cavity length (dots). The solid line is the FSR of the standard F-P cavity

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a) Ag₂Se量子点的线性吸收谱(实线)以及考虑可变高斯型增益的吸收谱; (b)不同净模式增益的微腔发射谱; (c) $ {g_{{\text{mod, 1310 nm}}}} = $$ 650{\text{ c}}{{\text{m}}^{{{ - 1}}}} $的咖啡环微腔的光场分布图; (d)不同腔长的咖啡环微腔的归一化发射谱

Figure 3. (a) Linear absorption spectrum of Ag₂Se quantum dot (solid line) and absorption spectrum with variable Gaussian gain; (b) emission spectra of microcavity with different net mode gain; (c) light field distribution of the coffee-ring microcavity spectrum with $ {g_{{\text{mod, 1310 nm}}}} = 650{\text{ c}}{{\text{m}}^{{ { - 1}}}} $; (d) normalized emission spectra with different cavity lengths.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 (a)咖啡环微型激光器性能表征示意图; (b)腔长为9.2 μm的咖啡环微型激光器在激光阈值以上的发射谱; (c)腔长为7.9 μm的咖啡环微型激光器在不同光强泵浦下的发射谱. 插图: 激光峰处发射强度随泵浦光强的变化; (d)不同腔长的咖啡环微型激光器的归一化激光发射谱; (e)激光阈值(圆点)与峰值波长的关系; (f)咖啡环微型激光器的激光发射峰处的发射强度随激光脉冲数的变化

Figure 4. (a) Sketch of coffee-ring microlaser performance characterization; (b) emission spectrum of a coffee-ring microlaser with a cavity length of 9.2 μm; (c) emission spectra of the cavity length of 7.9 μm coffee-ring microlaser with different pump fluence. The inset shows emission intensity versus pump fluence at the position of lasing peak; (d) normalized laser emission spectra of the coffee-ring microlaser with different cavity lengths; (e) lasing threshold (circles) versus peak wavelength; (f) emission intensity versus laser shots at position of laser peak observed for a coffee-ring microlaser.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	Krauss G, Lohss S, Hanke T, Sell A, Eggert S, Huber R, Leitenstorfer A 2010 Nat. Photonics 4 33 Google Scholar
[2]	Whitworth G L, Dalmases M, Taghipour N, Konstantatos G 2021 Nat. Photonics 15 738 Google Scholar
[3]	Cegielski P J, Giesecke A L, Neutzner S, Porschatis C, Gandini M, Schall D, Perini C A, Bolten J, Suckow S, Kataria S 2018 Nano Lett. 18 6915 Google Scholar
[4]	Vollmer F, Arnold S 2008 Nat. Methods 5 591 Google Scholar
[5]	Chen YC, Fan X 2019 Adv. Opt. Mater. 7 1900377 Google Scholar
[6]	Klimov V, Mikhailovsky A, Xu S, Malko A, Hollingsworth J, Leatherdale A C, Eisler H J, Bawendi M 2000 Science 290 314 Google Scholar
[7]	Ahn N, Livache C, Pinchetti V, Jung H, Jin H, Hahm D, Park Y S, Klimov V I 2023 Nature 617 79 Google Scholar
[8]	Fan F, Voznyy O, Sabatini R P, Bicanic K T, Adachi M M, McBride J R, Reid K R, Park Y S, Li X, Jain A, Quintero-Bermudez R, Saravanapavanantham M, Liu M, Korkusinski M, Hawrylak P, Klimov V I, Rosenthal S J, Hoogland S, Sargent E H 2017 Nature 544 75 Google Scholar
[9]	Dang C, Lee J, Breen C, Steckel J S, Coe-Sullivan S, Nurmikko A 2012 Nat. Nanotechnol. 7 335 Google Scholar
[10]	Wang Y, Yu D, Wang Z, Li X, Chen X, Nalla V, Zeng H, Sun H 2017 Small 13 1701587 Google Scholar
[11]	Ledentsov N, Ustinov V, Egorov A Y, Zhukov A, Maksimov M, Tabatadze I, Kop’ev P 1994 Semiconductors 28 832
[12]	Sukhovatkin V, Musikhin S, Gorelikov I, Cauchi S, Bakueva L, Kumacheva E, Sargent E H 2005 Opt. Lett. 30 171 Google Scholar
[13]	Schaller R D, Petruska M A, Klimov V I 2003 J. Phys. Chem. B 107 13765 Google Scholar
[14]	Klimov V I, Mikhailovsky A A, McBranch D, Leatherdale C A, Bawendi M G 2000 Science 287 1011 Google Scholar
[15]	Wundke K, Auxier J, Schülzgen A, Peyghambarian N, Borrelli N 1999 Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 3060 Google Scholar
[16]	Dong B, Li C, Chen G, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Deng M, Wang Q 2013 Chem. Mater. 25 2503 Google Scholar
[17]	Zhu C N, Jiang P, Zhang Z L, Zhu D L, Tian Z Q, Pang D W 2013 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5 1186 Google Scholar
[18]	Liao C, Tang L, Wang L, Li Y, Xu J, Jia Y 2020 Nanoscale 12 21879 Google Scholar
[19]	Liao C, Tang L, Li Y, Sun S, Wang L, Xu J, Jia Y, Gu Z 2022 Nanoscale 14 10169 Google Scholar
[20]	Chang H, Zhong Y, Dong H, Wang Z, Xie W, Pan A, Zhang L 2021 Light: Sci. Appl. 10 60 Google Scholar
[21]	Kahl M, Thomay T, Kohnle V, Beha K, Merlein J, Hagner M, Halm A, Ziegler J, Nann T, Fedutik Y, Woggon U, Artemyev M, Pérez-Willard F, Leitenstorfer A, Bratschitsch R 2007 Nano Lett. 7 2897 Google Scholar
[22]	Yang H, Zhang L, Xiang W, Lu C, Cui Y, Zhang J 2022 Adv. Sci. 9 2200395 Google Scholar
[23]	Duan R, Zhang Z, Xiao L, Zhao X, Thung Y T, Ding L, Liu Z, Yang J, Ta V D, Sun H 2022 Adv. Mater. 34 2270104 Google Scholar
[24]	Wang Y, Leck K S, Ta D, Chen R, Nalla V, Gao Y, He T, Demir H, Sun H 2015 Adv. Mater. 27 169 Google Scholar
[25]	Zhang L, Li H, Liao C, Yang H, Ruilin X, Jiang X, Xiao M, Lu C, Cui Y, Zhang J 2018 J. Phys. Chem. C 122 25059 Google Scholar
[26]	Wang Y, Ta V D, Leck K S, Tan B H I, Wang Z, He T, Ohl C D, Demir H V, Sun H 2017 Nano Lett. 17 2640 Google Scholar
[27]	Wang G, Jiang X, Zhao M, Ma Y, Fan H, Yang Q, Tong L, Xiao M 2012 Opt. Express 20 29472 Google Scholar
[28]	Min B, Kim S, Okamoto K, Yang L, Scherer A, Atwater H, Vahala K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 191124 Google Scholar
[29]	Di Stasio F, Grim J Q, Lesnyak V, Rastogi P, Manna L, Moreels I, Krahne R 2015 Small 11 1328 Google Scholar
[30]	Zavelani-Rossi M, Krahne R, Della Valle G, Longhi S, Franchini I, Girardo S, Scotognella F, Pisignano D, Manna L, Lanzani G, Tassone F 2012 Laser Photonics Rev. 6 678 Google Scholar
[31]	Xu Z, Zhai T, Shi X, Tong J, Wang X, Deng J 2021 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 19324 Google Scholar
[32]	Zhang C, Zou C L, Zhao Y, Dong C H, Wei C, Wang H, Liu Y, Guo G C, Yao J, Zhao Y S 2015 Sci. Adv. 1 e1500257 Google Scholar
[33]	Wong W W, Su Z, Wang N, Jagadish C, Tan H H 2021 Nano Lett. 21 5681 Google Scholar
[34]	Deegan R D, Bakajin O, Dupont T F, Huber G, Nagel S R, Witten T A 1997 Nature 389 827 Google Scholar
[35]	张永建, 叶芳霞, 戴君, 何斌锋, 臧渡洋 2017 66 066101 Google Scholar Zhang Y J, Ye F X, Dai J, He B F, Zang D Y 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 066101 Google Scholar
[36]	Zavelani-Rossi M, Lupo M G, Krahne R, Manna L, Lanzani G 2010 Nanoscale 2 931 Google Scholar
[37]	Ma J, Xiao L, Gu J, Li H, Cheng X, He G, Jiang X, Xiao M 2019 Photonics Res. 7 573 Google Scholar
[38]	Park Y S, Roh J, Diroll B T, Schaller R D, Klimov V I 2021 Nat. Rev. Mater. 6 382 Google Scholar
[39]	Ahn N, Livache C, Pinchetti V, Klimov V I 2023 Chem. Rev. 123 8251 Google Scholar
[40]	Taghipour N, Dalmases M, Whitworth G L, Dosil M, Othonos A, Christodoulou S, Liga S M, Konstantatos G 2023 Adv. Mater. 35 2207678 Google Scholar
[41]	Kozlov O V, Park Y S, Roh J, Fedin I, Nakotte T, Klimov V I 2019 Science 365 672 Google Scholar

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Near-infrared self-assembled laser based on Ag₂Se quantum dots

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Corresponding author: Liao Chen, chenliao@njupt.edu.cn ; Shi Wei-Hua, shiwh@njupt.edu.cn ;

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Near-infrared self-assembled laser based on Ag2Se quantum dots

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Corresponding author: Liao Chen, chenliao@njupt.edu.cn ; Shi Wei-Hua, shiwh@njupt.edu.cn ;

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Near-infrared self-assembled laser based on Ag₂Se quantum dots