Measurements of global polarization of QCD matter in heavy-ion collisions

Sun Xu; Zhou Chen-Sheng; Chen Jin-Hui; Chen Zhen-Yu; Ma Yu-Gang; Tang Ai-Hong; Xu Qing-Hua

doi:10.7498/aps.72.20222452

Abstract

The experimental data of the global polarization of Λ hyperon, ϕ and K^*0 vector mesons in high-energy heavy ion collision confirm the new phenomenon of global polarization of hot-dense QCD matter, which has attracted extensive attention from researchers and has become a new hot research direction in the frontier of high-energy nuclear physics. This paper reviews the recent global polarization measurements. We focus on the global polarization measurements of Λ hyperon and ϕ, K^*0 mesons, carried out by the solenoidal tracker detector (STAR) collaboration group at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at its Phase I of Beam Energy Scan program, and extend to the global polarization measurements containing multiple strange quark particles, such as Ξ, Ω and the local polarization studies of Λ along the beam direction. In the paper, we also briefly comment on the measurements at higher energy from the large hadron collider (LHC) and at very low energy in HADES experiment. In the end of the paper, the physical information given by these experimental results is also briefly discussed.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Quark Matter Center, Institute of modern physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
3.
Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science & Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
4.
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton 11973, USA

Corresponding author: Chen Jin-Hui, chenjinhui@fudan.edu.cn ; Xu Qing-Hua, xuqh@sdu.edu.cn

Funds: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022FYA1604900), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB34030000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11890710, 12025501, 12147101).

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References

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Cited By

图 1 不同能量下非对心核-核碰撞中Λ, $\bar{{{\Lambda }}}$超子的整体极化测量结果

Figure 1. Global polarization of Lambda and anti-Lambda hyperon in non-central nuclear-nuclear collisions at different energies.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 200 GeV金核-金核碰撞中不同碰撞中心度下Λ, $\bar{{{\Lambda }}}$超子整体极化^[7]

Figure 2. $ {{\Lambda }} $ and $\bar{{{\Lambda }}}$ global polarization as a function of the collision centrality in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt {{S_{{\text{NN}}}}} $ = 200 GeV^[7].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 200 GeV金核-金核碰撞中Λ, $\bar{{{\Lambda }}}$整体极化随赝快度η(a)和横动量p_T(b)的变化^[7].

Figure 3. Polarization of Λ, $ \stackrel{-}{{{\Lambda }}} $ as a function of η (a) and p_T (b) for the 20%—60% centrality bin in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt {{S_{{\text{NN}}}}} $= 200 GeV^[7].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 200 GeV金核-金核碰撞中Ξ^–和Ω超子整体极化的测量结果, 以及与Λ结果的比较^[9]

Figure 4. Global polarization of Ξ and Ω in Au-Au collisions at 200 GeV, and compared with Λ polarization^[9].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 非对心重离子碰撞横平面中速度场和涡旋示意图^[37]. z轴方向为束流方向, x-z平面为反应平面

Figure 5. A sketch illustrating the system created in a noncentral heavy-ion collision viewed in the transverse plane. Velocity field and expected vorticities are shown, the colliding beams are along the z axis and z-x plane defines the reaction plane.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 200 GeV金核-金核碰撞20%—60%中心度事例中Λ超子和其反粒子的$ {\left\langle{{\rm{cos}}{\theta }_{{\rm{p}}}^{*}}\right\rangle}^{{\rm{s}}{\rm{u}}{\rm{b}}} $关于$\phi -{\varPsi }_{2}$的依赖^[37]

Figure 6. $ {\left\langle{{\rm{cos}}{\theta }_{{\rm{p}}}^{*}}\right\rangle}^{{\rm{s}}{\rm{u}}{\rm{b}}} $ of Lambda and anti-Lambda as a function of azimuthal angle $\phi$ relative to the second-order event plane $ {\varPsi }_{2} $ for 20%—60% centrality Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV^[37].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 7 Λ超子和其反粒子沿束流方向的局域极化在200 GeV金核-金核碰撞及5.02 TeV铅核-铅核碰撞中随中心度的变化^[37,38]

Figure 7. Centrality dependence of $ {P}_{z, s2} $ averaged for Lambda and anti-Lambda in Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV and in Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV^[37,38].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 8 Λ超子和其反粒子沿束流方向的局域极化在20%—50%中心度200 GeV金核-金核碰撞及30%—50%中心度5.02 TeV铅核-铅核碰撞中随横动量的变化^[37,38]

Figure 8. Transverse momentum dependence of $ {P}_{z, {\rm{s}}2} $ averaged for Lambda and anti-Lambda in Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV and in Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV^[37,38].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 9 Λ超子和其反粒子沿束流方向的局域极化在30%—50%中心度5.02 TeV铅核-铅核碰撞中随快度的变化^[38]

Figure 9. The rapidity dependence of $ {P}_{z, {\rm{s}}2} $ averaged for Lambda and anti-Lambda in Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV in the centrality interval of 30%—50% ^[38].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 10 相对论重离子碰撞中ϕ和K^*0信号分布示例 (a)和(b) θ^*空间积分分布; (c)和(d) θ^*微分分布^[6]

Figure 10. Example of ϕ and K^*0 distributions in Au+Au collisions at relativistic heavy-ion collider: (a) and (b) Examples of invariant mass distributions; (c) and (d) the extracted yields as a function of cosθ*^[6].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 11 束流能量扫描实验中和高统计量200 GeV金核-金核碰撞中ϕ介子ρ₀₀随其横向动量的分布^[6]

Figure 11. ρ₀₀ as a function of transverse momentum for ϕ-meson for beam-energy scan energies and for the high statistics 200 GeV data^[6].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 12 束流能量扫描实验中和高统计量200 GeV金核-金核碰撞中K^*0介子ρ₀₀随其横向动量的分布^[6]

Figure 12. ρ₀₀ as a function of transverse momentum for K^*0 for beam-energy scan energies and for the high statistics 200 GeV data^[6].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 13 相对论重离子碰撞中ϕ和K^*0整体极化测量结果^[6]. 图中实心数据点来自STAR测量, 空心点是从ALICE实验中选出和STAR数据的动量区间, 中心度区间最接近的测量. 红色实心线是π介子场局域涨落理论对实验数据的拟合, 红色虚线则是该拟合外延到LHC能区^[41]

Figure 13. Measurements of ϕ and K^*0 global spin alignment in heavy-ion collisions^[6]. Solid points are data from STAR measurement, open symbols indicate ALICE results with the p_T bin nearest to the mean p_T for the 1.0–5.0 GeV/c range assumed for each meson in the STAR analysis. The red solid line is the fitting of the local fluctuation theory of the π meson field to the experimental data, and the red dotted line is the extension of the fitting to the LHC energy region ^[41].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 14 重离子碰撞中ϕ和K^*0介子ρ₀₀随碰撞系统中心度的分布，对于ϕ介子的测量也检验了一阶反应平面分析方法^[6]

Figure 14. ρ₀₀ as a function of centrality for ϕ and K*0, and for the ϕ meson analysis, results from first order event plane are also carried out for cross check^[⁶^].

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	Liang Z T, Wang X N 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 102301; 96 039901(E)
[2]	Liang Z T, Wang X N 2005 Phys. Lett. B 629 20 Google Scholar
[3]	Abelev B I, Aggarwal M M, Ahammed Z, et al. (STAR Collaboration) 2007 Phys. Rev. C 76 024915; 95 039906(E)
[4]	Abelev B I, Aggarwal M M, Ahammed Z, et al. (STAR Collaboration) 2008 Phys. Rev. C 77 061902(R)
[5]	Abelev B I, Aggarwal M M, Ahammed Z, et al. (STAR Collaboration). 2017 Nature 548 62 Google Scholar
[6]	Abelev B I, Aggarwal M M, Ahammed Z, et al. (STAR Collaboration). 2023 Nature 614 244 Google Scholar
[7]	Abelev B I, Aggarwal M M, Ahammed Z, et al. (STAR Collaboration). 2018 Phys. Rev. C 98 014910 Google Scholar
[8]	Acharya S, AdamováD, Adhya S P, et al. (ALICE Collaboration) 2020 Phys. Rev. C 101 044611; 105 029902
[9]	Abelev B I, Aggarwal M M, Ahammed Z, et al. (STAR Collaboration). 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 162301 Google Scholar
[10]	Abelev B I, Aggarwal M M, Ahammed Z, et al. (STAR Collaboration). 2021 Phys. Rev. C 104 L061901 Google Scholar
[11]	Yassine R, Arnold O, Becker M, et al. (HADES Collaboration). 2022 Phys. Lett. B 835 137506 Google Scholar
[12]	Pang L G, Petersen H, Wang Q, Wang X N 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 192301 Google Scholar
[13]	Li H, Pang L G, Wang Q, Xia X L 2017 Phys. Rev. C 96 054908 Google Scholar
[14]	Sun Y, Ko C M 2017 Phys. Rev. C 96 024906 Google Scholar
[15]	Karpenko I, Becattini F 2017 Eur. Phys. J. C 77 213 Google Scholar
[16]	Vitiuk O, Bravina L, Zabrodin E, 2020 Phys. Lett. B 803 135298 Google Scholar
[17]	Guo Y, Liao J, Wang E, Xing H, Zhang H 2021 Phys. Rev. C 104 L041902 Google Scholar
[18]	Ivanov Y 2021 Phys. Rev. C 103 L031903 Google Scholar
[19]	Deng X G, Huang X G, Ma Y G, Zhang S 2020 Phys. Rev. C 101 064908 Google Scholar
[20]	Wei D X, Deng W T, Huang X G 2019 Phys. Rev. C 99 014905 Google Scholar
[21]	Liang Z T, Song J, Upsal I Wang Q, Xu Z B 2021 Chin. Phys. C 45 014102 Google Scholar
[22]	Deng X G, Huang X G, Ma Y G 2022 Phys. Lett. B 835 137560 Google Scholar
[23]	Sheng X L, Oliva L, Wang Q 2020 Phys. Rev. D 101 096005; 105 099903(E)
[24]	Sheng X L, Wang Q, Wang X N 2020 Phys. Rev. D 102 056013 Google Scholar
[25]	Sheng X L, Oliva L, Liang Z T, Wang Q, Wang X N arXiv: 2205.15689
[26]	Sheng X L, Oliva L, Liang Z T, Wang Q, Wang X N arXiv: 2206.05868
[27]	Gao J H, Ma G L, Pu S, Wang Q 2020 Nucl. Sci. Tech. 31 90 Google Scholar
[28]	Lin, Z W, Zheng L 2021 Nucl. Sci. Tech. 32 113 Google Scholar
[29]	Shao T H, Chen J H, Ko C M, Sun K J, Xu Z B 2020 Chin. Phys. C 44 114001 Google Scholar
[30]	Peng H H, Zhang J J, Sheng X L, Wang Q 2021 Chin. Phys. Lett. 38 116701 Google Scholar
[31]	Chen J H, Keane D, Ma Y G, Tang A H, Xu Z B 2018 Phys. Rept. 760 1 Google Scholar
[32]	Wang X N 2023 Nucl. Sci. Tech. 34 15 Google Scholar
[33]	高建华, 黄旭光, 梁作堂, 王群, 王新年 2023 72 072501 Google Scholar Gao J H, Huang X G, Liang Z T, Wang Q, Wang X N 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 072501 Google Scholar
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[35]	Poskanzer A M, Voloshin S A 1998 Phys. Rev. C 58 1671 Google Scholar
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[37]	Abelev B I, Aggarwal M M, Ahammed Z, et al. (STAR Collaboration). 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 132301 Google Scholar
[38]	Acharya S, AdamováD, Adhya S P, et al. (ALICE Collaboration). 2022 Phys. Rev. Lett. 128 172005 Google Scholar
[39]	Fu B C, Liu S, Pang L G, Song H C, Yin Y 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 142301 Google Scholar
[40]	Tang A H, Tu B, Zhou C S 2018 Phys. Rev. C 98 044907 Google Scholar
[41]	Acharya S, AdamováD, Adhya S P, et al. (ALICE Collaboration). 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 012301 Google Scholar
[42]	盛欣力, 梁作堂, 王群 2023 72 072502 Google Scholar Sheng X L, Liang Z T, Wang Q 2023 Acta Phys. Sin. 72 072502 Google Scholar
[43]	Shen D Y, Chen J H, Lin Z W 2021 Chin. Phys. C 45 054002 Google Scholar
[44]	Li Z Y, Cha W M, Tang Z B 2022 Phys. Rev. C 106 064908 Google Scholar
[45]	杨驰, 陈金辉, 马余刚, 徐庆华 2019 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学 49 102008 Google Scholar Yang C, Chen J H, Ma Y G, Xu Q H 2019 Sci. Sin. Phys. Mech. Astron. 49 102008 Google Scholar
[46]	Acharya S, AdamováD, Adhya S P, et al. (ALICE Collaboration) arXiv: 2204.10171

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