Analysis of optical radiation dispersion characteristics of an artificially triggered lightning return stroke process

Luo Xiao-Jun; Shi Li-Hua; Zhang Qi; Qiu Shi; Li Yun; Liu Yi-Cheng; Duan Yan-Tao

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20220479

Abstract

In this paper, improved continuous wavelet transform is used to analyze the dispersion characteristics of a group of optical radiation signals of return stroke in an artificially triggered lightning, and the analysis results are compared with the results calculated by the classical R-L-C transmission line model. The analysis results show that the arrival time of different frequency components of the optical radiation of return stroke presents nonlinear variation with frequency. Moreover, a turning point always appears in the low frequency band on the arrival time curves of different frequency components, and the turning frequency is usually between 10 kHz and 25 kHz. The existence of this turning frequency provides a new kind of parameterization basis for evaluating the characteristic and conductivity of the return stroke channel. Based on this, the channel conductivities of the six return strokes of this triggered lightning are estimated. The average variation ranges from 0.59 × 10⁴ S/m to 0.96 × 10⁴ S/m, and the overall average value is about 0.77 × 10⁴ S/m, which are similar to the classical evaluation results.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-optical Engineering, PLA Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China

Corresponding author: Shi Li-Hua, lihuashi@aliyun.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51977219), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2019M663978), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BK20200584), and the National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China (Grant No. JCKYS2021LD1).

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References

[1]	Liang C, Carlson B, Lehtinen N, Cohen M, Marshall R A, Inan U 2014 Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 2561 Google Scholar
[2]	Cai S, Chen M, Du Y, Qin Z 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122 8686 Google Scholar
[3]	唐国瑛, 孙竹玲, 蒋如斌, 李丰全, 刘明远, 刘昆, 郄秀书 2020 69 189201 Google Scholar Tang G Y, Sun Z L, Jiang R B, Li F Q, Liu M Y, Liu K, Qie X S 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 189201 Google Scholar
[4]	李书磊, 邱实, 石立华, 李云, 段艳涛 2019 68 165202 Google Scholar Li S L, Qiu S, Shi L H, Li Y, Duan Y T 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 165202 Google Scholar
[5]	Heidler F H 2019 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 61 644 Google Scholar
[6]	Hoole P R P, Hoole S R H 1988 IEEE Trans. Magn. 24 3165 Google Scholar
[7]	Wang D H, Takagi N, Gamerota W R, Uman M A, Hill J D, Jordan D M 2013 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 9880 Google Scholar
[8]	Liu L, Yang S Y, Ni G Z, Huang J 2014 IEEE Trans. Magn. 50 149 Google Scholar
[9]	Ratnamahilan P, Hoole P R P 1993 IEEE Trans. Magn. 29 1839 Google Scholar
[10]	Schonland B F J, Malan D J, Collens H 1935 Proc. R. Soc. London 152 595
[11]	Schonland B F J 1956 Hand. Phys. 22 576
[12]	Idone V P, Orville R E 1982 J. Geophys. Res. 87 4903 Google Scholar
[13]	Wang D H, Takagi N, Watanabe T, Rakov V A, Uman M A 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 14369 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang D H, Takagi N, Uman M A, Jordan D M 2016 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121 14612 Google Scholar
[15]	Olsen R C, Rakov V A, Jordan D M, Jerauld J, Uman M A, Rambo K J 2006 J. Geophys. Res. 111 D13202 Google Scholar
[16]	Saba M M F, Schulz W, Warner T A, Campos L Z S, Schumann C, Krider E P, Cummins K L, Orville R E 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 D24201
[17]	Tran M D, Rakov V A 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 39521 Google Scholar
[18]	Olsen R C, Jordan D M, Rakov V A, Uman M A, Grimes N 2004 Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 L16107 Google Scholar
[19]	Jordan D M, Uman M A 1983 J. Geophys. Res. 88 6555 Google Scholar
[20]	Carvalho F L, Uman M A, Jordan D M, Ngin T 2015 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120 10645
[21]	Wang D H, Takagi N, Liu X, Watanabe T, Chihara A 2004 Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 L02111
[22]	Kawasaki Z, Nakano M, Takeuti T 1987 Trans. Inst. Electr. Eng. Jpn. 107 47 Google Scholar
[23]	Carvalho F L, Uman M A, Jordan D M, Moore R C 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122 2334 Google Scholar
[24]	Rakov V A 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 1879 Google Scholar
[25]	Li Y C, Zhang Q, Luo X J, Si Q, Ran Y Z, Wang J B, Fu S C, Sun Z, Shi L H 2021 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 63 1146 Google Scholar
[26]	Huang L Y, Zhang Q, Wang J B, Duan Y T, Chen H L, Shi L H, Gao C 2020 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 62 324 Google Scholar
[27]	Li Y, Qiu S, Shi L H, Wang T, Zhang Q, Lei Q, Sun Z 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 569
[28]	Taylor A R 1965 J. Geophys. Res. 70 5693 Google Scholar
[29]	Oetzel G N 1968 J. Geophys. Res. 73 1889 Google Scholar
[30]	An T T, Yuan P, Chen R R, Zhang N, Wan R B, Zhang M, Liu G R 2021 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 126 105851
[31]	王雪娟, 袁萍, 岑建勇, 张廷龙, 薛思敏, 赵金翠, 许鹤 2013 62 109201 Google Scholar Wang X J, Yuan P, Cen J Y, Zhang T L, Xue S M, Zhao J C, Xu H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 109201 Google Scholar
[32]	王雪娟, 袁萍, 岑建勇, 王杰, 张廷龙 2013 光谱学与光谱分析 33 3192 Google Scholar Wang X J, Yuan P, Cen J Y, Wang J, Zhang T L 2013 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 33 3192 Google Scholar
[33]	赵金翠, 袁萍, 岑建勇, 李亚珺, 王杰 2015 光谱学与光谱分析 35 1474 Google Scholar Zhao J C, Yuan P, Cen J Y, Li Y J, Wang J 2015 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 35 1474 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 触发闪电试验布局　(a)综合观测平台; (b) LiPOS观测示意图

Figure 1. Layout of the trigger site: (a) Schematic diagram of the comprehensive observation platform; (b) observation diagram of the LiPOS.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 触发闪电回击光信号　(a) S5通道记录的六次回击归一化波形; (b)第三次回击光信号波形, 插图为S8和S7通道记录的先导波形

Figure 2. Optical signals of the return stroke: (a) Normalized light intensity of all six return strokes recorded by channel S5; (b) optical signals of RS3. The expanded leader observed by channel S8 and S7 is shown in the inset.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 第三次回击中S8通道分析结果　(a) S8通道不同频率分量百分比; (b)传统CWT时频分析结果; (c)改进CWT时频分析结果; (d)回击和先导光辐射信号的归一化时频图; (e)回击光辐射信号不同频率分量到达时间散点图, 插图为50 kHz以下的散点图

Figure 3. The results of channel S8 of RS3: (a) Energy percentage of the frequency components of channel S8; (b) time-frequency analysis results calculated by traditional CWT method; (c) time-frequency analysis results calculated by improved CWT method; (d) normalized time-frequency graph of the return stroke and the leader optical radiation signal; (e) scatter plot of arrival time of different frequency components of the return stroke optical radiation signal. The inset is the expanded scatter plot below 50 kHz.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 (a)群速度随频率的变化关系(c为真空光速); (b)群延迟

Figure 4. (a) Relationship between group velocity and frequency (c is the speed of light in vacuum); (b) group delay.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a)初始脉冲及传播后的脉冲; (b)时频分析方法和传输线模型计算结果

Figure 5. (a) Initial impulse and propagated pulse; (b) results calculated by the time-frequency method and the TL model.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 6 不同R值对应的群时延曲线

Figure 6. Group delay curves corresponding to different R values

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 传输线模型计算的通道特征参数

Table 1. Channel characteristic parameters calculated by the TL model.

序号	转折频率/kHz	R/(Ω·m^–1)	σ/(10⁴ S·m^–1)
1	141.25	3.5	0.09
2	79.43	2.0	0.16
3	39.81	1.0	0.32
4	19.95	0.5	0.64
5	12.02	0.3	1.06

DownLoad: CSV

表 2 实测数据的通道特征参数

Table 2. Channel characteristics of the observed results.

回击	S5通道		S6通道		S7通道		S8通道		电导率平均值/10⁴
回击	转折频率/kHz	σ/(10⁴ S·m^–1)	转折频率/kHz	σ/(10⁴ S·m^–1)	转折频率/kHz	σ/(10⁴ S·m^–1)	转折频率/kHz	σ/(10⁴ S·m^–1)	电导率平均值/10⁴
RS1	17.5	0.72	17	0.74	16.7	0.76	16.5	0.76	0.75
RS2	19	0.67	18.7	0.68	18.6	0.68	19.1	0.66	0.67
RS3	14	0.90	13	0.97	16	0.79	18	0.70	0.84
RS4	12.2	1.03	13.6	0.92	13.7	0.92	13	0.97	0.96
RS5	21	0.60	20	0.63	22.5	0.56	23	0.55	0.59
RS6	16.5	0.76	16	0.79	15.7	0.80	15.5	0.81	0.79
电导率平均值	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.77

DownLoad: CSV

map

[1]	Liang C, Carlson B, Lehtinen N, Cohen M, Marshall R A, Inan U 2014 Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 2561 Google Scholar
[2]	Cai S, Chen M, Du Y, Qin Z 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122 8686 Google Scholar
[3]	唐国瑛, 孙竹玲, 蒋如斌, 李丰全, 刘明远, 刘昆, 郄秀书 2020 69 189201 Google Scholar Tang G Y, Sun Z L, Jiang R B, Li F Q, Liu M Y, Liu K, Qie X S 2020 Acta Phys. Sin. 69 189201 Google Scholar
[4]	李书磊, 邱实, 石立华, 李云, 段艳涛 2019 68 165202 Google Scholar Li S L, Qiu S, Shi L H, Li Y, Duan Y T 2019 Acta Phys. Sin. 68 165202 Google Scholar
[5]	Heidler F H 2019 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 61 644 Google Scholar
[6]	Hoole P R P, Hoole S R H 1988 IEEE Trans. Magn. 24 3165 Google Scholar
[7]	Wang D H, Takagi N, Gamerota W R, Uman M A, Hill J D, Jordan D M 2013 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 9880 Google Scholar
[8]	Liu L, Yang S Y, Ni G Z, Huang J 2014 IEEE Trans. Magn. 50 149 Google Scholar
[9]	Ratnamahilan P, Hoole P R P 1993 IEEE Trans. Magn. 29 1839 Google Scholar
[10]	Schonland B F J, Malan D J, Collens H 1935 Proc. R. Soc. London 152 595
[11]	Schonland B F J 1956 Hand. Phys. 22 576
[12]	Idone V P, Orville R E 1982 J. Geophys. Res. 87 4903 Google Scholar
[13]	Wang D H, Takagi N, Watanabe T, Rakov V A, Uman M A 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 14369 Google Scholar
[14]	Wang D H, Takagi N, Uman M A, Jordan D M 2016 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121 14612 Google Scholar
[15]	Olsen R C, Rakov V A, Jordan D M, Jerauld J, Uman M A, Rambo K J 2006 J. Geophys. Res. 111 D13202 Google Scholar
[16]	Saba M M F, Schulz W, Warner T A, Campos L Z S, Schumann C, Krider E P, Cummins K L, Orville R E 2010 J. Geophys. Res. 115 D24201
[17]	Tran M D, Rakov V A 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 39521 Google Scholar
[18]	Olsen R C, Jordan D M, Rakov V A, Uman M A, Grimes N 2004 Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 L16107 Google Scholar
[19]	Jordan D M, Uman M A 1983 J. Geophys. Res. 88 6555 Google Scholar
[20]	Carvalho F L, Uman M A, Jordan D M, Ngin T 2015 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120 10645
[21]	Wang D H, Takagi N, Liu X, Watanabe T, Chihara A 2004 Geophys. Res. Lett. 31 L02111
[22]	Kawasaki Z, Nakano M, Takeuti T 1987 Trans. Inst. Electr. Eng. Jpn. 107 47 Google Scholar
[23]	Carvalho F L, Uman M A, Jordan D M, Moore R C 2017 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122 2334 Google Scholar
[24]	Rakov V A 1998 J. Geophys. Res. 103 1879 Google Scholar
[25]	Li Y C, Zhang Q, Luo X J, Si Q, Ran Y Z, Wang J B, Fu S C, Sun Z, Shi L H 2021 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 63 1146 Google Scholar
[26]	Huang L Y, Zhang Q, Wang J B, Duan Y T, Chen H L, Shi L H, Gao C 2020 IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 62 324 Google Scholar
[27]	Li Y, Qiu S, Shi L H, Wang T, Zhang Q, Lei Q, Sun Z 2018 Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 569
[28]	Taylor A R 1965 J. Geophys. Res. 70 5693 Google Scholar
[29]	Oetzel G N 1968 J. Geophys. Res. 73 1889 Google Scholar
[30]	An T T, Yuan P, Chen R R, Zhang N, Wan R B, Zhang M, Liu G R 2021 J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 126 105851
[31]	王雪娟, 袁萍, 岑建勇, 张廷龙, 薛思敏, 赵金翠, 许鹤 2013 62 109201 Google Scholar Wang X J, Yuan P, Cen J Y, Zhang T L, Xue S M, Zhao J C, Xu H 2013 Acta Phys. Sin. 62 109201 Google Scholar
[32]	王雪娟, 袁萍, 岑建勇, 王杰, 张廷龙 2013 光谱学与光谱分析 33 3192 Google Scholar Wang X J, Yuan P, Cen J Y, Wang J, Zhang T L 2013 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 33 3192 Google Scholar
[33]	赵金翠, 袁萍, 岑建勇, 李亚珺, 王杰 2015 光谱学与光谱分析 35 1474 Google Scholar Zhao J C, Yuan P, Cen J Y, Li Y J, Wang J 2015 Spectrosc. Spect. Anal. 35 1474 Google Scholar

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