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The interaction of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photon with matter is a meaningful way to understand the electronic structure of microscopic particles. In this paper, the electron angular distributions of single ionization and double ionization of Ne and Xe atoms interacting with XUV photons are investigated by utilizing a reaction microscope. The β-asymmetric parameters of 2p electrons of Ne atom, and 5p, 5s electrons of Xe atom combined with the reported experimental data are compared with those from different theoretical models. The result shows that the electron correlation effect can be ignored in the ionization of 2p electron of Ne atom. While the ionization of 5p electron of Xe atom is strongly influenced by the electron correlation effect, but not by the relativistic effect. These two effects play an important role in ionizing the 5s shell of Xe atom. In addition, this study finds that both direct double ionization and indirect double ionization exist simultaneously during the ionization of Xe atom, and gives the photoelectron angular distributions and the β-asymmetric parameters of the first step and the second step of indirect double ionization.
[1] Leuchs G 1984 Multiphoton Processes Berlin, Heidelberg, September 5−12, 1984 pp48−57
[2] L'Huillier A, Lompre L A, Mainfray G, Manus C 1983 Phys. Rev. A 27 2503
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[3] Weber T, Giessen H, Weckenbrock M, Urbasch G, Staudte A 2000 Nature 405 658
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[4] Imanaka H, Smith M A 2007 Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 L02204
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[5] Hell N, Brown G V, Wilms J, Grinberg V, Clementson J, Liedahl D, Porter F S, Kelley R L, Kilbourne C A, Beiersdorfer P 2016 Astrophys. J. 830 26
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Google Scholar
[7] Madden R P, Codling K 1963 Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 516
Google Scholar
[8] Wuilleumier F, Krause M O 1974 Phys. Rev. A 10 242
Google Scholar
[9] Becker U, Langer B, Kerkhoff H G, Kupsch M, Szostak D, Wehlitz R, Heimann P A, Liu S H, Lindle D W, Ferrett T A, Shirley D A 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 1490
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[10] Richter M, Bobashev S V, Sorokin A A, Tiedtke K 2010 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 194005
Google Scholar
[11] Bolognesi P, Cavanagh S J, Avaldi L, Camilloni R, Zitnik M, Stuhec M, King G C 2000 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 33 4723
Google Scholar
[12] Hall R I, Ellis K, Mcconkey A, Dawber G, Avaldi L, Macdonald M A, King G C 1992 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 23 377
Google Scholar
[13] Fano U, Cooper J W 1968 Rev. Mod. Phys. 40 441
Google Scholar
[14] Wuilleumier F, Adam M Y, Dhez P, Sandner N, Schmidt V, Mehlhorn W 1977 Phys. Rev. A 16 646
Google Scholar
[15] Johnson W R, Cheng K T 1978 Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 1167
Google Scholar
[16] Hemmers O, Whitfield S B, Glans P, Wang H, Lindle D W, Wehlitz R, Sellin I A 1998 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 3809
Google Scholar
[17] Schwarzkopf O, Krässig B, Elmiger J, Schmidt V 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 3008
Google Scholar
[18] Ueda K, Shimizu Y, Chiba H, Kitajima M, Okamoto M, Hoshino M, Tanaka H, Hayaishi T, Fritzsche S, Sazhina I P, Kabachnik N M 2003 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 36 319
Google Scholar
[19] Dörner R, Vogt T, Mergel V, et al. 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 2654
Google Scholar
[20] Czasch A, Schöffler M, Hattass M, et al. 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 243003
Google Scholar
[21] Weber T, Weckenbrock M, Staudte A, Hattass M, Spielberger L, Jagutzki O, Mergel V, Böcking H S, Urbasch G, Giessen H, Bräuning H, Cocke C L, Prior M H, Dörner R 2001 Opt. Express 8 368
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[22] Dörner R, Mergel V, Jagutzki O, Spielberger L, Ullrich J, Moshammer R, Schmidtböcking H 2000 Phys. Rep. 330 95
Google Scholar
[23] Hai B, Zhang S F, Zhang M, Najjari B, Dong D P, Lei J T, Zhao D M, Ma X 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 052706
Google Scholar
[24] Gagnon E, Sandhu A S, Paul A, Hagen K, Czasch A, Jahnke T, Ranitovic P, Lewis Cocke C, Walker B, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C 2008 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79 063102
Google Scholar
[25] Wiley W C, Mclaren I H 1955 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 26 1150
Google Scholar
[26] Codling K, Houlgate R G, West J B, Woodruff P R 1976 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Phys. 9 L83
Google Scholar
[27] Dehmer J L, Chupka W A, Berkowitz J, Jivery W T 1975 Phys. Rev. A 12 1966
Google Scholar
[28] Schmidt V 1986 Photoionization in Rare Gases with Synchrotron Radiation: Some Basic Aspects for Critical Tests with Theory (Vol. 2) pp275−283
[29] Amusia M Y, Cherepkov N A, Chernysheva L V 1972 Phys. Rev. A 40 15
Google Scholar
[30] Lagutin B M, Petrov I D, Sukhorukov V L, Whitfield S B, Langer B, Viefhaus J, Wehlitz R, Berrah N, Mahler W, Becker U 1996 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 29 937
Google Scholar
[31] Samson J, Stolte W C 2002 J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 123 265
Google Scholar
[32] Qiao C K, Chi H C, Hsu M C, Zheng X G, Jiang G, Lin S T, Tang C J, Huang K N 2019 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 52 075001
Google Scholar
[33] Fahlman A, Carlson T A, Krause M O 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 1114
Google Scholar
[34] Samson J A R, Gardner J L 1974 Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 671
Google Scholar
[35] Krause M O, Carlson T A, Woodruff P R 1981 Phys. Rev. A 24 1374
Google Scholar
[36] Johnson W R, Cheng K T 1979 Phys. Rev. A 20 978
Google Scholar
[37] Johnson W R, Cheng K T 2001 Phys. Rev. A 63 022504
Google Scholar
[38] White M G, Southworth S H, Kobrin P, Poliakoff E D, Rosenberg R A, Shirley D A 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 1661
Google Scholar
[39] Dehmer J L, Dill D 1976 Phys. Rev. Lett. 37 1049
Google Scholar
[40] Eland J H D, Vieuxmaire O, Kinugawa T, Lablanquie P, Hall R I, Penent F 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 053003
Google Scholar
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图 1 实验装置示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.
图 2 (a) Ne原子光电子的能谱; (b) 光电子动量在y-z平面内的二维动量分布图, 统计动量
$ \left|{P}_{x}\right| < 0.1 $ 的事件; (c) 2p电子的角分布; (d) 2p电子的β不对称参数随光子能量的变化关系Figure 2. (a) Energy spectrum of the photoelectron from Ne; (b) density plots of the momentum distribution of the photoelectron on the y-z plane for events with transverse momentum
$ \left|{P}_{x}\right| < 0.1 $ ; (c) angular distribution of 2p electrons; (d) the β-asymmetric parameter for 2p photoionization as a function of the photon energy.
图 3 (a) 入射光子能量为38.8 eV时, Xe原子单电离的出射光电子能谱; (b) Xe原子单电离出射光电子在y-z平面内的二维动量分布
Figure 3. (a) Photoelectron energy spectrum for Xe with 38.8 eV XUV photon; (b) photoelectron momentum distribution of Xe on the y-z plane defined by the XUV polarization.
图 4 (a), (c) 分别为Xe原子5p电子与5s电子电离的角分布图; (b), (d) 分别为5p电子与5s电子对应的β不对称参数随入射光子能量的变化
Figure 4. (a), (c) Angular distribution of the 5p and 5s photoelectrons of Xe, respectively; (b), (d) β-asymmetric parameter of 5p and 5s electron varies with the photon energy, respectively.
图 5 (a) 在38.8 eV XUV光的作用下, Xe原子双电离对应的反应路径; (b) Xe原子单光子双电离的电子能谱; (c) 光电子能量在0−1.5 eV 内的电子角分布; (d) 5.5−7.0 eV 能量的光电子角分布
Figure 5. (a) Typical routes to double ionization of Xe interacting with 38.8 eV XUV photon; (b) kinetic energy distribution of photoelectrons from double ionization of Xe; (c) angular distributions of the photoelectrons energy in the range of 0–1.5 eV; (d) angular distributions of the photoelectrons energy in the range of 5.5–7.0 eV.
表 1 Xe原子不同电子组态及结合能
Table 1. Different electronic configurations and binding energies of Xe atoms.
Xe+电子组态 总角动量J 能量/eV 能峰序号 5p5 P3/2 12.10 (1) P1/2 13.40 (2) 5s5p6 S1/2 23.30 (3) 5s25p4 (3P)6p 2D3/2 27.54 (4) 5s25p4 (3P)5d 2D5/2 5s25p4 (1D)5d 2P1/2 27.88 5s25p4 (1D)5d 2D3/2 27.97 5s25p4 (1S)6s 2S1/2 28.16 
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[1] Leuchs G 1984 Multiphoton Processes Berlin, Heidelberg, September 5−12, 1984 pp48−57
[2] L'Huillier A, Lompre L A, Mainfray G, Manus C 1983 Phys. Rev. A 27 2503
Google Scholar
[3] Weber T, Giessen H, Weckenbrock M, Urbasch G, Staudte A 2000 Nature 405 658
Google Scholar
[4] Imanaka H, Smith M A 2007 Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 L02204
Google Scholar
[5] Hell N, Brown G V, Wilms J, Grinberg V, Clementson J, Liedahl D, Porter F S, Kelley R L, Kilbourne C A, Beiersdorfer P 2016 Astrophys. J. 830 26
Google Scholar
[6] Cooper J W, Fano U, Prats F 1963 Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 518
Google Scholar
[7] Madden R P, Codling K 1963 Phys. Rev. Lett. 10 516
Google Scholar
[8] Wuilleumier F, Krause M O 1974 Phys. Rev. A 10 242
Google Scholar
[9] Becker U, Langer B, Kerkhoff H G, Kupsch M, Szostak D, Wehlitz R, Heimann P A, Liu S H, Lindle D W, Ferrett T A, Shirley D A 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 1490
Google Scholar
[10] Richter M, Bobashev S V, Sorokin A A, Tiedtke K 2010 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 194005
Google Scholar
[11] Bolognesi P, Cavanagh S J, Avaldi L, Camilloni R, Zitnik M, Stuhec M, King G C 2000 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 33 4723
Google Scholar
[12] Hall R I, Ellis K, Mcconkey A, Dawber G, Avaldi L, Macdonald M A, King G C 1992 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 23 377
Google Scholar
[13] Fano U, Cooper J W 1968 Rev. Mod. Phys. 40 441
Google Scholar
[14] Wuilleumier F, Adam M Y, Dhez P, Sandner N, Schmidt V, Mehlhorn W 1977 Phys. Rev. A 16 646
Google Scholar
[15] Johnson W R, Cheng K T 1978 Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 1167
Google Scholar
[16] Hemmers O, Whitfield S B, Glans P, Wang H, Lindle D W, Wehlitz R, Sellin I A 1998 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69 3809
Google Scholar
[17] Schwarzkopf O, Krässig B, Elmiger J, Schmidt V 1993 Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 3008
Google Scholar
[18] Ueda K, Shimizu Y, Chiba H, Kitajima M, Okamoto M, Hoshino M, Tanaka H, Hayaishi T, Fritzsche S, Sazhina I P, Kabachnik N M 2003 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 36 319
Google Scholar
[19] Dörner R, Vogt T, Mergel V, et al. 1996 Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 2654
Google Scholar
[20] Czasch A, Schöffler M, Hattass M, et al. 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 243003
Google Scholar
[21] Weber T, Weckenbrock M, Staudte A, Hattass M, Spielberger L, Jagutzki O, Mergel V, Böcking H S, Urbasch G, Giessen H, Bräuning H, Cocke C L, Prior M H, Dörner R 2001 Opt. Express 8 368
Google Scholar
[22] Dörner R, Mergel V, Jagutzki O, Spielberger L, Ullrich J, Moshammer R, Schmidtböcking H 2000 Phys. Rep. 330 95
Google Scholar
[23] Hai B, Zhang S F, Zhang M, Najjari B, Dong D P, Lei J T, Zhao D M, Ma X 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101 052706
Google Scholar
[24] Gagnon E, Sandhu A S, Paul A, Hagen K, Czasch A, Jahnke T, Ranitovic P, Lewis Cocke C, Walker B, Murnane M M, Kapteyn H C 2008 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79 063102
Google Scholar
[25] Wiley W C, Mclaren I H 1955 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 26 1150
Google Scholar
[26] Codling K, Houlgate R G, West J B, Woodruff P R 1976 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Phys. 9 L83
Google Scholar
[27] Dehmer J L, Chupka W A, Berkowitz J, Jivery W T 1975 Phys. Rev. A 12 1966
Google Scholar
[28] Schmidt V 1986 Photoionization in Rare Gases with Synchrotron Radiation: Some Basic Aspects for Critical Tests with Theory (Vol. 2) pp275−283
[29] Amusia M Y, Cherepkov N A, Chernysheva L V 1972 Phys. Rev. A 40 15
Google Scholar
[30] Lagutin B M, Petrov I D, Sukhorukov V L, Whitfield S B, Langer B, Viefhaus J, Wehlitz R, Berrah N, Mahler W, Becker U 1996 J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 29 937
Google Scholar
[31] Samson J, Stolte W C 2002 J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 123 265
Google Scholar
[32] Qiao C K, Chi H C, Hsu M C, Zheng X G, Jiang G, Lin S T, Tang C J, Huang K N 2019 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 52 075001
Google Scholar
[33] Fahlman A, Carlson T A, Krause M O 1983 Phys. Rev. Lett. 50 1114
Google Scholar
[34] Samson J A R, Gardner J L 1974 Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 671
Google Scholar
[35] Krause M O, Carlson T A, Woodruff P R 1981 Phys. Rev. A 24 1374
Google Scholar
[36] Johnson W R, Cheng K T 1979 Phys. Rev. A 20 978
Google Scholar
[37] Johnson W R, Cheng K T 2001 Phys. Rev. A 63 022504
Google Scholar
[38] White M G, Southworth S H, Kobrin P, Poliakoff E D, Rosenberg R A, Shirley D A 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 1661
Google Scholar
[39] Dehmer J L, Dill D 1976 Phys. Rev. Lett. 37 1049
Google Scholar
[40] Eland J H D, Vieuxmaire O, Kinugawa T, Lablanquie P, Hall R I, Penent F 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 053003
Google Scholar
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