Photonic meta-switch based on phase change and catenary-enabled continuous phase regulation

Song Rui-Rui; Deng Qin-Ling; Zhou Shao-Lin

doi:10.7498/aps.71.20211538

Abstract

Aiming at the characteristics of passive and discrete phase regulations inherent in current metasurfaces, we combine optimized isowidth catenary with non-volatile phase change dielectrics and explore a type of bistable phase-change-based wavefront meta-switch of continuous phase tuning and active switching. First, the switchable wavefront deflector is demonstrated in the mid-IR range between 9 µm and 10 µm. Upon phase transition between crystalline state and amorphous state, the incident wave can be switched into anomalous reflection and regular reflection, i.e. the “on” state and “off ” state of wave deflection. Further, a type of dynamically tunable Bessel beam switch is demonstrated. In the amorphous state, the polarization conversion efficiency approaches to 100% with an incident wave of 9.6 µm in wavelength. Therefore, the normal geometrical phase and the second-order Bessel focus are switched “on”. However, the cross-polarization and geometrical phase are switched “off ” upon phase changing into crystallized state. Intrinsically, non-dispersive spin-orbit interaction ensures that this kind of device possesses the broadband characteristics. Such a devise has great potential applications in active optoelectronic integration, optical communications, etc.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
2.
Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510335, China

Corresponding author: Zhou Shao-Lin, eeslzhou@scut.edu.cn

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References

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Cited By

图 1 优化后的悬链线特征^[43]　(a) 水平长度为0.75 Λ的单个悬链线结构; (b)经流水线优化算法得到的悬链线局部宽度W(x)随x的变化

Figure 1. Schematic of the catenary atom^[43]: (a) Single catenary structure with a horizontal length of 0.75 Λ; (b) the locally varied width W(x) of the catenary by streamlined optimization algorithm along x-axis

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图 2 (a)离散几何相位实现异常偏折; (b)连续几何相位实现异常偏折

Figure 2. (a) Discrete geometric phase for abnormal deflection; (b) continuous geometric phase for abnormal deflection.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a)基于螺旋悬链线排列的零阶贝塞尔光束发生器(l = 0); (b) 基于同心圆悬链线排列的高阶贝塞尔光束发生器(l = 2); (c) 9.6 µm右旋圆光垂直入射图(a)中结构得到的相位分布图; (d) 9.6 µm左旋圆光垂直入射图(b)所示结构得到的相位分布图

Figure 3. (a) The zero-order Bessel beam generator based on spiral catenary arrangement (l = 0); (b) high-order Bessel beam generator based on concentric circular catenary arrangement (l = 2); (c) phase distribution for the arrangement in (a) at the incidence of 9.6 μm RCP waves; (d) phase distribution for the arrangement in (b) at the incidence of 9.6 μm LCP waves.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 悬链线结构单元模型及其特性　(a) 悬链线结构单元横截面图; (b) 前视图; (c) 9.6 µm处非晶态和 (d)晶态沿位置x的相位变化; (e) 9.6µm处非晶态和(f)晶态归一化横截面强度分布

Figure 4. A catenary-based atom and its characteristic: (a) The cross-sectional view; (b) the top view of one atom. The phase change with respect to position x (c) in the amorphous state and (d) the crystalline state at 9.6 µm. The normalized cross-sectional intensity distribution at 9.6 µm in (e) amorphous and (f) crystalline states.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 可切换的超构阵列偏折器件　(a) 基于悬链线-Ge₂Sb₂Te₅集成的有源波束控制准连续超表面; (b) 非晶态共偏振和交叉偏振反射率的仿真结果; (c) 极化转换效率(PCR)谱; (d) 非晶态和 (e) 晶态下9.0 µm, 9.5 µm和10.0 µm波长光束以不同偏折角反射; (f) 非晶态和 (g) 晶态下9 µm右旋光入射时x-z平面内的反射电场(E_x)归一化振幅分布

Figure 5. The switchable meta-array for deflectable devices. (a) The Catenary-Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ integrated quasi-continuous metasurface for active beam control. (b) The simulated results of the co-polarized and cross-polarized reflectivity in the amorphous state. (c) Polarization conversion efficiency (PCR) spectrum. The beams with different wavelengths of 9.0, 9.5 µm, and 10.0 µm are reflected/deflected to distinctly different angles in the (d) amorphous state and (e) crystalline state. The normalized amplitude distribution of the reflected electric field (E_x) for RCP incidence (9 µm) in the (f) amorphous and (g) crystalline state in the x-z plane.

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图 6 可切换高阶贝塞尔光束器件 (l = 2)　(a) 具有同心悬链线排列的可切换高阶贝塞尔光束发生器(l = 2)及(b)局部放大图; (c)非晶态下x-z平面 (y = 0) 内归一化强度分布; (d) x-y平面 (z = 100 µm)的归一化强度分布; (e) 沿图(d)中虚线的归一化强度; (f) Ge₂Sb₂Te₅晶态下x-z平面 (y = 0) 内归一化强度分布

Figure 6. The switchable high-order Bessel beam device (l = 2): (a) The switchable high-order Bessel beam generator with concentric catenary atoms (l = 2) and (b) its partially enlarged view; (c) the normalized intensity distribution in the x-z plane (y = 0) in the amorphous state; (d) the normalized intensity distribution in the x-y plane (z = 100 µm); (e) the normalized intensity along the dotted line marked in (d); (f) the normalized intensity distribution in the x-z plane (y = 0) in the crystalline state of Ge₂Sb₂Te₅.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	Fan Z H, Deng Q L, Ma X Y, Zhou S L 2021 Materials 14 1272 Google Scholar
[2]	Cai B G, Li Y B, Jiang W X, Cheng Q, Cui T J 2015 Opt. Express 23 7593 Google Scholar
[3]	陈欢, 凌晓辉, 何武光, 李钱光, 易煦农 2017 66 044203 Google Scholar Chen H, Ling X H, He W G, Li Q G, Yi X N 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 044203 Google Scholar
[4]	Akram M R, Mehmood M Q, Tauqeer T, Rana A S, Rukhlenko I D, Zhu W R 2019 Opt. Express 27 9467 Google Scholar
[5]	Luan J, Yang S K, Liu D M, Zhang M M 2020 Opt. Express 28 3732 Google Scholar
[6]	Ni X, Kildishev A V, Shalaev V M 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 2807 Google Scholar
[7]	Zheng G, Muhlenbernd H, Kenney M, Li G, Zentgraf T, Zhang S 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 308 Google Scholar
[8]	Zhang F, Pu M, Gao P, Jin J, Li X, Guo Y, Ma X, Luo J, Yu H, Luo X 2020 Adv. Sci. (Weinh) 7 1903156 Google Scholar
[9]	Shen Y Z, Xue S, Yang J W, Hu S M 2021 Adv. Mater. Technol. 6 2001047 Google Scholar
[10]	Khorasaninejad M, Capasso F 2017 Science 358 aam8100 Google Scholar
[11]	Wang S, Wu P C, Su V C, et al. 2018 Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 227 Google Scholar
[12]	Li Z, Wang C, Wang Y, Lu X, Guo Y, Li X, Ma X, Pu M, Luo X 2021 Opt. Express 29 9991 Google Scholar
[13]	Yu N, Genevet P, Kats M A, Aieta F, Tetienne J P, Capasso F, Gaburro Z 2011 Science 334 333 Google Scholar
[14]	Sun S L, Yang K Y, Wang C M, et al. 2012 Nano. Letters 12 6223 Google Scholar
[15]	易煦农, 李瑛, 刘亚超, 凌晓辉, 张志友, 罗海陆 2014 63 094203 Google Scholar Liu T J, Xi X, Ling Y H, Sun Y L, Li Z W, Huang L R 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 094203 Google Scholar
[16]	Huang L, Chen X, Muhlenbernd H, Li G, Bai B, Tan Q, Jin G, Zentgraf T, Zhang S 2012 Nano Lett. 12 5750 Google Scholar
[17]	Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Devlin R C, Oh J, Zhu A Y, Capasso F 2016 Science 352 1190 Google Scholar
[18]	Arbabi E, Arbabi A, Kamali S M, Horie Y, Faraji-Dana M, Faraon A 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 812 Google Scholar
[19]	Ahmadivand A, Gerislioglu B, Ramezani Z 2019 Nanoscale 11 8091 Google Scholar
[20]	Lee B, Park J, Han G H, Ee H S, Naylor C H, Liu W J, Johnson A T C, Agarwal R 2015 Nano Lett. 15 3646 Google Scholar
[21]	Shrekenhamer D, Chen W C, Padilla W J 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 177403 Google Scholar
[22]	Chen H T, Padilla W J, Zide J M O, Gossard A C, Taylor A J, Averitt R D 2006 Nature 444 597 Google Scholar
[23]	Gholipour B, Zhang J F, MacDonald K F, Hewak D W, Zheludev N I 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 3050 Google Scholar
[24]	Li P, Yang X, Mass T W, Hanss J, Lewin M, Michel A K, Wuttig M, Taubner T 2016 Nat. Mater. 15 870 Google Scholar
[25]	Wuttig M, Yamada N 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 824 Google Scholar
[26]	Lencer D, Salinga M, Grabowski B, Hickel T, Neugebauer J, Wuttig M 2008 Nat. Mater. 7 972 Google Scholar
[27]	Leitis A, Heßler A, Wahl S, Wuttig M, Taubner T, Tittl A, Altug H 2020 Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 2070122 Google Scholar
[28]	Kim I, Ansari M A, Mehmood M Q, Kim W S, Jang J, Zubair M, Kim Y K, Rho J 2020 Adv. Mater. 32 e2004664 Google Scholar
[29]	Huang Y, Xiao T, Xie Z, Zheng J, Su Y, Chen W, Liu K, Tang M, Li L 2021 Materials (Basel) 14 2212
[30]	Kato T, Tanaka K 2005 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44 7340 Google Scholar
[31]	Lei K, Wang Y, Jiang M, Wu Y 2016 J. Appl. Phys. 119 173105 Google Scholar
[32]	Lyeo H K, Cahill D G, Lee B S, Abelson J R, Kwon M H, Kim K B, Bishop S G, Cheong B K 2006 Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 151904 Google Scholar
[33]	Zhou C, Xie Z, Zhang B, Lei T, Li Z, Du L, Yuan X 2020 Opt. Express 28 38241 Google Scholar
[34]	Wang Q, Rogers E T F, Gholipour B, Wang C M, Yuan G, Teng J, Zheludev N I 2015 Nat. Photonics 10 60
[35]	Zhou S, Wu Y, Chen S, Liao S, Zhang H, Xie C, Chan M 2020 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 53 204001
[36]	Shalaginov M Y, An S, Zhang Y, et al. 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 1225 Google Scholar
[37]	Northover F H 1971 Applied Diffraction Theory (New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co.) p632
[38]	Pu M B, Li X, Ma X L, et al. 2015 Sci. Adv. 1 e1500396 Google Scholar
[39]	Guo Y H, Huang Y J, Li X, Pu M B, Gao P, Jin J J, Ma X L, Luo X G 2019 Adv. Opt. Mater. 7 1900503
[40]	Zhang F, Zeng Q, Pu M, Wang Y, Guo Y, Li X, Ma X, Luo X 2020 Nanophotonics 9 2829 Google Scholar
[41]	Song R, Deng Q, Zhou S, Pu M 2021 Opt. Express 29 23006 Google Scholar
[42]	Xu M, Pu M, Sang D, Zheng Y, Li X, Ma X, Guo Y, Zhang R, Luo X 2021 Opt. Express 29 10181 Google Scholar
[43]	Zhang F, Pu M, Li X, Ma X, Guo Y, Gao P, Yu H, Gu M, Luo X 2021 Adv. Mater. 33 e2008157 Google Scholar
[44]	Luo X G, Pu M B, Guo Y H, Li X, Zhang F, Ma X L 2020 Adv. Opt. Mater. 8 2001194 Google Scholar
[45]	Guo Y H, Pu M B, Li X, Ma X L, Luo X G 2018 Appl. Phys. Express 11 092202 Google Scholar
[46]	Li X, Pu M, Zhao Z, Ma X, Jin J, Wang Y, Gao P, Luo X 2016 Sci. Rep. 6 20524 Google Scholar
[47]	Sun S, He Q, Xiao S, Xu Q, Li X, Zhou L 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 426 Google Scholar
[48]	Zhang M, Pu M B, Zhang F, Guo Y H, He Q, Ma X L, Huang Y J, Li X, Yu H L, Luo X G 2018 Adv. Sci. (Weinh) 5 1800835 Google Scholar
[49]	Chen W T, Khorasaninejad M, Zhu A Y, Oh J, Devlin R C, Zaidi A, Capasso F 2017 Light Sci. Appl. 6 e16259 Google Scholar

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