Short-time prediction of chaotic laser using time-delayed photonic reservoir computing

Liu Qi; Li Pu; Kai Chao; Hu Chun-Qiang; Cai Qiang; Zhang Jian-Guo; Xu Bing-Jie

doi:10.7498/aps.70.20210355

Abstract

Prediction of chaotic laser has a wide prospect of applications, such as retrieving lost data, providing assists for data analysis, testing data encryption security in cryptography based on chaotic synchronization of lasers. We propose and demonstrate a new method of using time delayed photonic reservoir computing (RC) to forecast the continuous dynamical evolution of chaotic laser from previous measurements. Specifically, the time delayed photonic RC based on semiconductor laser with optical injection and feedback structure is established as a prediction system. Chaotic laser, as input signal, is generated by semiconductor laser with external disturbance.The time delayed photonic RC used in this stage is a novel implementation, which consists of three parts: the input layer, the reservoir and the output layer. In the input layer, the chaos laser from the semiconductor with an optical feedback needs to preprocess and multiply by a mask signal. The reservoir is the master-slave configuration consisting of a response laser with the optical feedback and light injection. In the feedback loop, there are N virtual nodes at each interval θ with a delay time of τ (N = τ/θ). The reservoir performs the mapping of the input signal onto a high-dimensional state space. In the output layer, the output of the reservoir is a linear combination of the reservoir state and the output weight. The output weight is optimized by minimizing the mean-square error between target value and output value through using the ridge regression algorithm.The results demonstrate that time delayed photonic RC based on semiconductor laser can forecast the trajectory of chaotic laser in about 2 ns. Moreover, we also investigate the influence of critical parameters on prediction result, including the type of the mask, the quantity of the virtual nodes, the length of the training data, the input gain, the feedback strength, the injection strength, the ridge parameter and the leakage rate.The method used here in this work has many attractive advantages, such as simple configuration, low training cost and eminently suitable for hardware implementation. Although the prediction length is limited, the significant innovation using time delayed photonic RC based on semiconductor lasers as the prediction system of chaotic laser presents a new opportunity for further developing a technique for predicting chaotic laser.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
2.
School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong 510006, China
3.
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Photonics Information Technology, Guangdong 510006, China
4.
No.30 Institute of China Electronic Technology Corporation, Chengdu 610041, China
5.
Science and Technology on Communication Laboratory, Institute of Southwestern Communication, Chengdu 610041, China

Corresponding author: Li Pu, lipu8603@126.com

Funds: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61775158, 61805168, 61961136002, 61927811, U19A2076, 11904057), the National Cryptography Development Fund, China (Grant No. MMJJ20170127), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 2018M630283, 2019T120197), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province, China (Grant No. 201901D211116), and the Program for the Top Young Academic Leaders of High Learning Institutions of Shanxi Province, China

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References

[1]	Amil P, Soriano M C, Masoller C 2019 Chaos 29 113111 Google Scholar
[2]	Cunillera A, Soriano M C, Fischer I 2019 Chaos 29 113113 Google Scholar
[3]	Meng Q F, Peng Y H 2007 Phys. Lett. A 370 465 Google Scholar
[4]	Lin X W, Yang Z H, Song Y X 2009 Expert Syst. Appl. 36 7313 Google Scholar
[5]	Pathak J, Wikner A, Fussell R, Chandra S, Hunt B R, Girvan M, Ott E 2018 Chaos 28 041101 Google Scholar
[6]	Pathak J, Hunt B, Girvan M, Lu Z X, Ott E 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 024102 Google Scholar
[7]	Covas E, Benetos E 2019 Chaos 29 063111 Google Scholar
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[14]	Dejonckheere A, Duport F, Smerieri A, Fang L, Oudar J L, Haelterman M, Massar S 2014 Opt. Express 22 9 Google Scholar
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[25]	Li P, Cai Q, Zhang J, Xu B, Wang Y 2019 Opt. Express 27 017859 Google Scholar
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Cited By

图 1 基于半导体激光器的时延储备池计算系统示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of reservoir computing system based on semiconductor laser.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 (a) 激光器输出强度的分岔图; (b) 混沌激光目标信号及其预测值

Figure 2. (a) Bifurcation diagram of the output intensity of the laser; (b) chaotic laser target signal together with the predicted values.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 (a) 在不同掩模类型和不同节点数的情况下, 预测长度(P_L)随训练长度(T_s)变化的趋势图; (b) 在使用混沌掩模信号且节点数为800的情况下, 预测长度(P_L)随输入增益(G_in)变化的趋势图; 虚线为拟合曲线

Figure 3. (a) P_L as a function of the length of the training data (T_s) under different type of masks and the number of nodes; (b) P_L as a function of the input gain (G_in) under N = 800 with the chaos mask signal. The dotted lines represent the associated fitting curves.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 (a)预测系统在不同反馈强度(k_f)和注入强度(k_inj)的参数空间中P_L值的二维图; (b), (c) 在(k_inj, k_f) = (0.06, 0.18)的条件下, 无调制信号和有调制信号时R-laser的输出强度时序

Figure 4. (a) Two-dimensional map of the P_L values of prediction system in the parameter space of the different feedback strength (k_f) and the injection strength (k_inj); (b), (c) temporal traces of the R-laser under (k_inj, k_f) = (0.06, 0.18) without and with modulated input data.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 (a) 预测长度(P_L)随泄漏率(δ)变化的趋势图; (b) 预测长度(P_L)随岭参数(λ)变化的趋势图; 虚线为拟合曲线

Figure 5. (a) P_L as a function of the leakage rate (δ); (b) P_L as a function of the Ridge parameter (λ). The dotted lines represent the associated fitting curves.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

表 1 数值模拟中使用的激光器参数值

Table 1. Laser parameter values used in numerical simulations.

符号	参数	参考值
q/C	电子电荷量	1.6 × 10^–19
α	线宽增强因子	5.0
g/(m³·s^–1)	微分增益	1.414 × 10^–12
N₀/ m^-3	透明载流子密度	1.4 × 10²⁴
ε	增益饱和系数	5.0 × 10^–23
τ_p/ps	光子寿命	1.92
τ_s/ns	载流子寿命	2.04
τ_in/ps	内腔往返时间	7.38
k_f	反馈强度	0.18
k_inj	注入强度	0.06
∆ν/GHz	频率失谐	–10
τ/ns	外腔反馈延时	8 (N = 800)
θ/ns	节点间隔	0.01
I_d/I_th	D-laser的归一化偏置电流	1.2
I_r/I_th	R-laser的归一化偏置电流	1.25
G_in	输入增益	1.5
λ	岭参数	10^–6
δ	泄漏率	0.25

DownLoad: CSV

map

[1]	Amil P, Soriano M C, Masoller C 2019 Chaos 29 113111 Google Scholar
[2]	Cunillera A, Soriano M C, Fischer I 2019 Chaos 29 113113 Google Scholar
[3]	Meng Q F, Peng Y H 2007 Phys. Lett. A 370 465 Google Scholar
[4]	Lin X W, Yang Z H, Song Y X 2009 Expert Syst. Appl. 36 7313 Google Scholar
[5]	Pathak J, Wikner A, Fussell R, Chandra S, Hunt B R, Girvan M, Ott E 2018 Chaos 28 041101 Google Scholar
[6]	Pathak J, Hunt B, Girvan M, Lu Z X, Ott E 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 024102 Google Scholar
[7]	Covas E, Benetos E 2019 Chaos 29 063111 Google Scholar
[8]	Appeltant L, Soriano M C, Van d S G, Danckaert J, Massar S, Dambre J, Schrauwen B, Mirasso C R, Fischer I 2011 Nat. Commun. 2 468 Google Scholar
[9]	Hicke K, Escalona-Moran M A, Brunner D, Soriano M C, Fischer I, Mirasso C R 2013 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 19 4 Google Scholar
[10]	Paquot Y, Duport F, Smerieri A, Dambre J, Schrauwen B, Haelterman M, Massar S 2012 Sci. Rep. 2 287 Google Scholar
[11]	Duport F, Schneider B, Smerieri A, Haelterman M, Massar S 2012 Opt. Express 20 A20 Google Scholar
[12]	Martinenghi R, Rybalko S, Jacquot M, Chembo Y K, Larger L 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 244101 Google Scholar
[13]	Larger L, Soriano M C, Brunner D, Appeltant L, Gutierrez J M, Pesquera L, Mirasso C R, Fischer I 2012 Opt. Express 20 3241 Google Scholar
[14]	Dejonckheere A, Duport F, Smerieri A, Fang L, Oudar J L, Haelterman M, Massar S 2014 Opt. Express 22 9 Google Scholar
[15]	Appeltant L, Sande G V D, Danckaert J, Fischer I 2014 Sci. Rep. 4 3629 Google Scholar
[16]	Nguimdo R M, Verschaffelt G, Danckaert J, Van der Sande G 2014 Opt. Express 22 8672 Google Scholar
[17]	Nguimdo R M, Verschaffelt G, Danckaert J, Van der Sande G 2015 IEEE Trans. Neural Networks Learn. Syst. 26 3301 Google Scholar
[18]	Vinckier Q, Duport F, Smerieri A, Vandoorne K, Bienstman P, Haelterman M, Massar S 2015 Optica 2 438 Google Scholar
[19]	Larger L, Baylón-Fuentes A, Martinenghi R, Udaltsov V S, Chembo Y K, Jacquot M 2017 Phys. Rev. X 7 011015 Google Scholar
[20]	Takano K, Sugano C, Inubushi M, Yoshimura K, Sunada S, Kanno K, Uchida A 2018 Opt. Express 26 29424 Google Scholar
[21]	Vatin J, Rontani D, M Sciamanna 2018 Opt. Lett. 43 4497 Google Scholar
[22]	Vatin J, Rontani D, M Sciamanna 2019 Opt. Express 27 018579 Google Scholar
[23]	Tan X S, Hou Y S, Wu Z M, Xia G Q 2019 Opt. Express 27 026082 Google Scholar
[24]	Guo X X, Xiang S Y, Zhang Y H, Lin L, Wen A J, Hao Y 2019 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 26 1700109 Google Scholar
[25]	Li P, Cai Q, Zhang J, Xu B, Wang Y 2019 Opt. Express 27 017859 Google Scholar
[26]	Nakayama J, Kanno K, Uchida A 2016 Opt. Express 24 8679 Google Scholar
[27]	Lang R, Kobayashi K 1980 IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 16 3 Google Scholar
[28]	Wieczorek S, Krauskopf B, Simpson T B, Lenstra D 2005 Phys. Rep. 416 1 Google Scholar
[29]	Hoerl A E, Kennard R W 1970 Technometrics 12 1 Google Scholar
[30]	Lukosevicius M, Jaeger H 2009 Comput. Sci. Rev. 3 127 Google Scholar

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Vol. 70, Issue 15 - 2021-08-05

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