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With the rapid progress of computer technology, computational research exhibits significant advantages in investigating microstructure evolution of material systems. As a computational research method of material dynamics, increasing attention has been paid to the phase-field model because of its avoidance of complicated interface tracking and convenience of dealing with applied fields. Theoretical framework of the phase-field model and three current phase-field models for multicomponent multiphase systems (the Carter, Steinbach, and Chen models) are introduced and reviewed in terms of interpretation of phase-field variables, way of coupling thermodynamic database, way of constructing the free energy density, and evolution equations. This review only focuses on the application of the phase-field model in electrochemical energy storage materials, and introduces its existing phase-field simulation results, which demonstrates that the phase-field model has tremendous potential in describing the microstructure evolution (anisotropic transport and phase separation, elastic and plastic deformation, crack propagation and fracture, dendrite growth, etc) and improving the performance of electrochemical energy storage materials. Finally, from two aspects of improving phase-field theory and extending application, future development trend and problems to be solved of phase-field simulations in electrochemical energy storage materials are discussed and looked ahead.
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Keywords:
- phase-field model /
- electrochemical energy storage materials /
- stress evolution /
- plastic deformation /
- dendrite growth
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图 4 (a) 锂离子嵌入到FePO4时活跃面(010)快速扩散(蓝色箭头)和相分离示意图[43]; (b) LiFePO4相变过程中的三种可能的扩散路径: 体扩散、表面扩散和电解液扩散[45]
Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of diffusion of active surface (010) (blue arrows) and phase separation when Li-ion intercalates FePO4[43]; (b) three potential migration paths in phase transition of LiFePO4: bulk, surface, and electrolyte diffusions[45].
图 6 锂化过程中的裂纹扩展 (a)初始状态; (b)相偏析导致裂纹扩展; (c)相界面赶上裂纹尖端; (d)裂纹尖端在相界面处开始分叉; (e)相界面离开裂纹尖端向中心移动; (f)反应停止[73]
Figure 6. Crack propagation during lithiation process: (a) Initial state; (b) phase segregation generates crack propagation; (c) the phase interface catches up with the crack tip; (d) the crack tip starts to branch at the phase interphase; (e) phase interface leaves crack tip and moves towards center; (f) the reaction stops [73].
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[1] Gogotsi Y, Simon P 2011 Science 334 917
Google Scholar
[2] Ceder G 2010 MRS Bull. 35 693
Google Scholar
[3] Wang A P, Kadam S, Li H, Shi S Q, Qi Y 2018 NPJ Comput. Mater. 4 15
Google Scholar
[4] Andersen H C 1980 J. Chem. Phys. 72 2384
Google Scholar
[5] Stramer O 2001 J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 96 342
[6] Shi S, Gao J, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Ju W, Ouyang C, Xiao R 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 018212
Google Scholar
[7] Zou Z Z, Li Y Y, Lu Z H, Wang D, Cui Y H, Guo B K, Li Y J, Liang X M, Feng J W, Li H, Nan C W, Armand M, Chen L Q, Xu K, Shi S Q 2020 Chem. Rev. 120 4169
Google Scholar
[8] Biner S B 2017 Programming Phase-Field Modeling (Berlin: Springer)
[9] Steinbach I, Pezzolla F, Nestler B, Sedklberg M, Ptieler R, Schmitz G J, Rezende J L L 1996 Physica D 94 135
Google Scholar
[10] De Groot S R, Mazur P 2013 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (Courier Corporation)
[11] Wheeler A A, Boettinger W S, McFadden G B 1992 Phys. Rev. A 45 7424
Google Scholar
[12] Kazaryan A, Wang Y, Dregia S A, Patton B R 2000 Phys. Rev. B 61 14275
Google Scholar
[13] Karma A, Rappel W J 1998 Phys. Rev. E 57 4323
Google Scholar
[14] Simmons J P, Shen C, Wang Y 2000 Scr. Mater. 43 935
Google Scholar
[15] Granasy L, Pusztai T, Saylor D, Warren J A 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 035703
Google Scholar
[16] Chakrabarti D J, Laughlin D E 2004 Prog. Mater. Sci. 49 389
Google Scholar
[17] Xu Z, Meakin P 2008 J. Chem. Phys. 129 014705
Google Scholar
[18] Hötzer J, Seiz M, Kellner M, Rheinheimer W, Nestler B 2019 Acta Mater. 164 184
Google Scholar
[19] Wang Y U 2006 Acta Mater. 54 953
Google Scholar
[20] Koslowski M, Cuitino A M, Ortiz M 2002 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50 2597
Google Scholar
[21] Wang Y U, Jin Y M, Cuitin A M, Khachaturyan A G 2001 Acta Mater. 49 1847
Google Scholar
[22] Boussinot G, Le Bouar Y, Finel A 2010 Acta Mater. 58 4170
Google Scholar
[23] Yu P, Hu S Y, Chen L Q, Du Q 2005 J. Comput. Phys. 208 34
Google Scholar
[24] Stefanovic P, Haataja M, Provatas N 2009 Phys. Rev. E 80 046107
Google Scholar
[25] Takaki T, Tomita Y 2010 Int. J. Mech. Sci. 52 320
Google Scholar
[26] Hakim V, Karma A 2009 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 57 342
Google Scholar
[27] Karma A, Kessler D A, Levine H 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 045501
Google Scholar
[28] Cahn J W 1961 Acta Metall. Sin. 9 795
Google Scholar
[29] Allen S M, Cahn J W 1972 Acta Metall. Sin. 20 423
Google Scholar
[30] Kim S G, Kim W T, Suzuki T 1999 Phys. Rev. E 60 7186
Google Scholar
[31] Zhang L, Steinbach I 2012 Acta Mater. 60 2702
Google Scholar
[32] Steinbach I, Zhang L, Plapp M 2012 Acta Mater. 60 2689
Google Scholar
[33] Cogswell D A, Carter W C 2011 Phys. Rev. E 83 061602
[34] Chen L Q 2002 Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 32 113
Google Scholar
[35] Yu H C, Wang F, Amatucci G G, Thornton K 2016 J. Phase. Equilib. Diffus. 37 86
Google Scholar
[36] Garcı́a R E, Bishop C M, Carter W C 2004 Acta Mater. 52 11
Google Scholar
[37] Guyer J E, Boettinger W J, Warren J A, McFadden G B 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 021603
Google Scholar
[38] Guyer J E, Boettinger W J, Warren J A, McFadden G B 2004 Phys. Rev. E 69 021604
Google Scholar
[39] Han B C, Ven A V d, Morgan D, Ceder G 2004 Electrochim. Acta 49 4691
Google Scholar
[40] Cogswell D A, Bazant M Z 2012 ACS Nano 6 2215
Google Scholar
[41] Singh G K, Ceder G, Bazant M Z 2008 Electrochim. Acta 53 7599
Google Scholar
[42] Bazant M Z 2012 arXiv preprint arXiv 1208 1587
[43] Bai P, Cogswell D A, Bazant M Z 2011 Nano. Lett. 11 4890
Google Scholar
[44] Hong L, Li L, Chen-Wiegart Y K, Wang J, Xiang K, Gan L, Li W, Meng F, Wang F, Wang J, Chiang Y M, Jin S, Tang M 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 1194
Google Scholar
[45] Li Y Y, Chen H G, Lim K, Deng H D, Lim J, Fraggedakis D, Attia P M, Lee S C, Jin N, Moškon J, Guan Z, Gent W E, Hong J, Yu Y S, Gaberšček M, Islam M S, Bazant M Z, Chueh W C 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 915
Google Scholar
[46] Fleck M, Federmann H, Pogorelov E 2018 Comput. Mater. Sci. 153 288
Google Scholar
[47] Zhang X Y, Hao F, Chen H S, Fang D N 2015 Mech. Mater. 91 351
Google Scholar
[48] Zuo P, Zhao Y P 2015 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 287
Google Scholar
[49] Lim C, Yan B, Yin L, Zhu L 2012 Electrochim. Acta 75 279
Google Scholar
[50] Gao F, Hong W 2016 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 94 18
Google Scholar
[51] Chen L, Fan F, Hong L, Chen J, Ji Y Z, Zhang S L, Zhu T, Chen L Q 2014 J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 F3164
Google Scholar
[52] Zhang X, Krischok A, Linder C 2016 Comput. Method Appl. M. 312 51
Google Scholar
[53] Zhao K, Pharr M, Vlassak J J, Suo Z 2011 J. Appl. Phys. 109 016110
Google Scholar
[54] Zhao K, Pharr M, Cai S, Vlassak J J, Suo Z 2011 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94 S226
Google Scholar
[55] Bower A F, Guduru P R, Sethuraman V A 2011 J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 59 804
Google Scholar
[56] Walk A C, Huttin M, Kamlah M 2014 Eur. J. Mech. A.Solids 48 74
Google Scholar
[57] Aranson I S, Kalatsky V A, Vinokur V M 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 118
Google Scholar
[58] Marconi V I, Jagla E A 2005 Phys. Rev. E 71 036110
Google Scholar
[59] Spatschek R, Muller-Gugenberger C, Brener E, Nestler B 2007 Phys. Rev. E 75 066111
Google Scholar
[60] Miehe C, Hofacker M, Welschinger F 2010 Comput. Method Appl. M. 199 2765
Google Scholar
[61] Miehe C, Welschinger F, Hofacker M 2010 Mech. Phys. Solids 58 1716
Google Scholar
[62] Hofacker M, Miehe C 2013 Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 93 276
Google Scholar
[63] Bhandakkar T K, Gao H 2010 Int. J. Solids Struct. 47 1424
Google Scholar
[64] Bhandakkar T K, Gao H 2011 Int. J. Solids Struct. 48 2304
Google Scholar
[65] Woodford W H, Chiang Y M, Carter W C 2010 J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 A1052
Google Scholar
[66] Zhu M, Park J, Sastry A M 2012 J. Electrochem. Soc. 159 A492
Google Scholar
[67] Gao Y F, Zhou M 2013 J. Power Sources 230 176
Google Scholar
[68] Klinsmann M, Rosato D, Kamlah M, McMeeking R M 2016 Mech. Phys. Solids 92 313
Google Scholar
[69] Zhao K, Pharr M, Vlassak J J, Suo Z 2010 J. Appl. Phys. 108 073517
Google Scholar
[70] Huttin M, Kamlah M 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 101 133902
[71] Liang L, Chen L Q 2014 Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 263903
Google Scholar
[72] Miehe C, Dal H, Schänzel L M, Raina A 2016 Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 106 683
Google Scholar
[73] Zhao Y, Xu B X, Stein P, Gross D 2016 Comput. Method. Appl. M. 312 428
Google Scholar
[74] Zhuang Y, Zou Z Y, Lu B, Li Y J, Wang D, Avdeev M, Shi S Q 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 068202
Google Scholar
[75] Lu B, Ning C Q, Shi D X, Zhao Y F, Zhang J Q 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 026201
Google Scholar
[76] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2020 ACS Energy Lett. 5 3254
Google Scholar
[77] Li Y, Hu S, Sun X, Stan M 2017 NPJ Comput. Mater. 3 1
Google Scholar
[78] Yamaki J I, Tobishima S I, Hayashi K, Saito K, Nemoto Y, Arakawa M 1998 J. Power Sources 74 219
Google Scholar
[79] Jana A, Woo S I, Vikrant K S N, García R E 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 3595
Google Scholar
[80] Li G, Liu Z, Huang Q, Gao Y, Regula M, Wang D, Chen L Q, Wang D 2018 Nat. Energy 3 1076
Google Scholar
[81] Li G, Liu Z, Wang D, He X, Liu S, Gao Y, AlZahrani A, Kim S H, Chen L Q, Wang D 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1900704
Google Scholar
[82] Xu F D, Graff G L, Zhang i, Sushko M L, Chen X, Shao Y, Engelhard M H, Nie Z, Xiao J, Liu X, Sushko P V, Liu J, Zhang J G 2013 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 4450
Google Scholar
[83] Monroe C, Newman J 2003 J. Electrochem. Soc. 150 A1377
Google Scholar
[84] Shibuta Y, Okajima Y, Suzuki T 2007 Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8 511
Google Scholar
[85] Okajima Y, Shibuta Y, Suzuki T 2010 Comput. Mater. Sci. 50 118
Google Scholar
[86] Liang L, Qi Y, Xue F, Bhattacharya S, Harris S J, Chen L Q 2012 Phys. Rev. E 86 051609
Google Scholar
[87] Chen L, Zhang H W, Liang L Y, Liu Z, Qi Y, Lu P, Chen J, Chen L Q 2015 J. Power Sources 300 376
Google Scholar
[88] Tan J, Tartakovsky A M, Ferris K, Ryan E M 2016 J. Electrochem. Soc. 163 A318
Google Scholar
[89] Yurkiv V, Foroozan T, Ramasubramanian A, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Mashayek F 2018 Electrochim. Acta 265 609
Google Scholar
[90] Yurkiv V, Foroozan T, Ramasubramanian A, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Mashayek F 2018 MRS Commun. 8 1285
Google Scholar
[91] Yan H H, Bie Y H, Cu X Y, Xiong G P, Chen L 2018 Energy Convers. Manage. 161 193
Google Scholar
[92] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2018 ACS Energy Lett. 3 1737
Google Scholar
[93] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2020 ACS Energy Lett. 5 2466
Google Scholar
[94] Hong Z J, Viswanathan V 2019 ACS Energy Lett. 4 1012
Google Scholar
[95] Mu W, Liu X, Wen Z, Liu L 2019 J. Energy Storage 26 100921
Google Scholar
[96] Zhang R, Shen X, Cheng X B, Zhang Q 2019 Energy Storage Mater. 23 556
Google Scholar
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