Diagnosis of capacitively coupled plasma driven by pulse-modulated 27.12 MHz by using an emissive probe

Zhou Yu; Cao Li-Yang; Ma Xiao-Ping; Deng Li-Li; Xin Yu

doi:10.7498/aps.69.20191864

Abstract

There are several methods of diagnosing the capacitively coupled plasma, such as microwave resonance probe, Langmuir probe, etc, but methods like microwave resonance probe are mainly used for determining the electron density. Moreover, in the diagnosing of plasma potential, the emissive probe has a higher accuracy than the traditional electrostatic probes, and it can directly monitor the potential in real time. However, in the existing work, emissive probe is mostly applied to the diagnosis of plasmas with high density or plasmas modulated by pulsed dual frequency (one of the radio frequency sources is modulated), the experiments on the emissive probe diagonising plasma excited by a pulsed single frequency are quite rare. In this paper, the temporal evolution of the plasma potential and electron temperature with input power and pressure in a pulsed 27.12 MHz capacitively coupled argon plasma are investigated by using an emissive probe operated in floating point mode. The plasma potential is obtained by measuring emissive probe potential under a strongly heated condition, while the electron temperature is estimated from the potential difference between the emissive probe under strongly heating and cold conditions. The measurements show that as the pulse is on, the plasma potential will rise rapidly and become saturated within 300 μs due to the requirement for neutrality condition; while the pulse is off, the plasma potential undergoes a rapid decline and then stabilizes. An overshoot for the electron temperature occurs as the onset of the pulse, because of the influence of radio frequency electric field and residual electrons from the last pulse; during the pulse-off time, rapid loss of high-energy electrons causes the electron temperature to rapidly drops to 0.45 eV within 300 μs, then it rises slightly, which is related to the electrons emitted by the probe. The plasma potential basically has a linear dependence on the change of input power and pressure for the pulse-on and pulse-off time; and the input power has a greater influence on the difference between the overshoot electron temperature and the steady state electron temperature during the pulse-on time. Corresponding explanations are given for the temporal evolution of plasma potential and electron temperature in different pulse stages and under different discharge conditions.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

Department of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China

Corresponding author: Xin Yu, yuxin@suda.edu.cn

FullText HTML

References

[1]	迈克尔·A·力伯曼, 阿伦·J·里登伯格著 (蒲以康译) 2007 等离子体放电原理与材料处理 (北京: 科学出版社) 第1−5页 Lieberman M A, Lichtenberg A J (translated by Pu Y K) 2007 Principles of Plasma Discharges and Processing (Beijing: Science Press) pp1−5 (in Chinese)
[2]	Chang C Y, Sze S M 1996 McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms (New York: ULSI Technology) p329
[3]	Hopwood J 1992 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 1 109 Google Scholar
[4]	Kahoh M, Suzuki K, Tonotani J, Aoki K, Yamage M 2001 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40 5419 Google Scholar
[5]	Lieberman M A, Booth J P, Chabert P, Rax J M, TurnerM M 2002 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11 283 Google Scholar
[6]	Hebner G A, Barnat E V, Miller P A, Paterson A M, Holland J P 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15 879 Google Scholar
[7]	Chabert P 2007 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40 R63 Google Scholar
[8]	Lee I, Graves D B, Lieberman M A 2008 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 17 015018 Google Scholar
[9]	Goto H H, Lowe H D, Ohmi T 1992 J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 10 3048 Google Scholar
[10]	Mishra A, Kim K N, Kim T H, Yeom G Y 2012 Plasma Source Sci. Technol. 21 035018 Google Scholar
[11]	Samukawa S, Furuoya S 1993 Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 2044 Google Scholar
[12]	Samukawa S, Mieno T 1996 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 5 132 Google Scholar
[13]	Verdeyen J T, Beberman J, Overzet L 1990 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8 1851 Google Scholar
[14]	Howling A A, Sansonnens L, Dorier J L, Hollenstein C 1994 J. Appl. Phys. 75 1340 Google Scholar
[15]	Wu H P, Tian Q W, Tian X B, Gong C Z, Zhang X Y, Wu Z Z 2019 Surf. Coat. Technol. 374 383 Google Scholar
[16]	Sun X Y, Zhang Y R, Chai S, Wang Y N, He J X 2019 Phys. Plasmas 26 043503 Google Scholar
[17]	Imamura T, Yamamoto K, Kurihara K, Hayashi H 2017 J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 35 062201 Google Scholar
[18]	Rahman M T, Hossain M M 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 013516 Google Scholar
[19]	Jeon M H, Park J W, Kim T H, Yun D H, Kim K N, Yeom G Y 2016 J. NanoSci. Nanotechnol. 16 11831 Google Scholar
[20]	Liu R Q, Liu Y, Jia W Z, Zhou Y W 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 013517 Google Scholar
[21]	Thorsteinsson E G, Gudmundsson J T 2009 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18 045002 Google Scholar
[22]	Maresca A, Orlov K, Kortshagen U 2002 Phys. Rev. E 65 056405 Google Scholar
[23]	Liu F X, Tsankov T V, Pu Y K 2015 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 035206 Google Scholar
[24]	Xue C, Wen D Q, Liu W, Zhang Y R, Gao F, Wang Y N 2017 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 35 021301 Google Scholar
[25]	Wang E Y, Intrator T, Hershkowitz N 1985 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 56 519 Google Scholar
[26]	Fujita H, Yagura S 1983 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 22 148
[27]	Li J Q, Xu J, Bai Y J, Lu W Q, Wang Y N 2016 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 34 061304 Google Scholar
[28]	Sheehan J P, Hershkowitz N 2011 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20 063001 Google Scholar
[29]	Langmuir I 1923 J. Franklin Inst. 196 751 Google Scholar
[30]	Chen F F 1965 Electric Probes Plasma Diagnostic Techniques (New York: Academic) p184
[31]	Sheehan J P, Barnat E V, Weatherford B R, Kaganovich D, Hershkowitz N 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21 013510 Google Scholar
[32]	Mishra A, Seo J S, Kim K N, Yeom G Y 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 235203 Google Scholar
[33]	Mishra A, Yeom G Y 2016 AIP Adv. 6 095101 Google Scholar
[34]	Mishra A, Jeon M H, Kim K N, Yeom G Y 2012 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21 055006 Google Scholar
[35]	Mishra A, Kelly P J, Bradley J W 2011 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44 425201 Google Scholar
[36]	Liebig B, Bradley J W 2013 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 22 045020 Google Scholar
[37]	Piejak R B, Godyak V A, Garner R, Alexandrovich B M, Sternberg N 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 3785 Google Scholar
[38]	Karkari S K, Ellingboe A R, Gaman C 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 071501 Google Scholar
[39]	Chen F F, Chang J P 2002 Principles of Plasma Processing (Dordrecht/New York: Kluwer/Plenum) pp31–32
[40]	Zhao Y F, Zhou Y, Ma X P, Cao L Y, Zheng F G, Xin Y 2019 Phys. Plasmas 26 033502 Google Scholar
[41]	Karkari S K, Gaman C, Ellingboe A R, Swindells I, Bradley J W 2007 Meas. Sci. Technol. 18 2649 Google Scholar
[42]	Welzel T, Dunger T, Leibig B, Richter F 2008 New J. Phys. 10 123008 Google Scholar
[43]	Bradley J W, Karkari S K, Vetushka A 2004 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 13 189 Google Scholar
[44]	Arslanbekov R R, Kudryavtsev A A 2001 Phys. Rev. E 64 016401 Google Scholar
[45]	Liu F X, Guo X M, Pu Y K 2015 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24 034013 Google Scholar
[46]	You S D, Dodd R, Edwards A, Bradley J W 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 505205 Google Scholar
[47]	Wenig G, Schulze M, Awakowicz P, Keudell A V 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15 S35 Google Scholar
[48]	Poolcharuansin P, BradleyJ W 2010 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 025010 Google Scholar

Cited By

图 1 装置着发射探针系统的脉冲容性耦合等离子体装置示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the pulsed capacitively coupled plasma apparatus equipped with an emissive probe system.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 2 连续波激发的容性耦合等离子体中测得的探针悬浮电位(V_f)与加热电流(I_ht)的关系图, 测量在气压为3.0 Pa、射频功率为50 W的氩气等离子体中进行

Figure 2. A plot of measured floating potential (V_f) versus heating current (I_ht) in a CCP discharge in a continuous wave mode. The measurements were carried out at argon plasma with pressure of 3.0 Pa and input power of 50 W.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 3 放电气压为3.0 Pa、脉冲射频功率为30 W氩气等离子体中, 发射探针测量得到的数据, 调制频率为500 Hz, 占空比50%　(a)悬浮电位及空间电位的时变特性; (b) 电子温度的时变特性

Figure 3. The data measured by an emissive probe in an argon plasma with a discharge pressure of 3.0 Pa and a pulsed RF power of 30 W: (a) Temporal evolution of floating potential and plasma potential; (b) temporal evolution of electron temperature. The discharge was pulsed at 500 Hz with 50% duty cycle.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 4 不同放电条件下V_p和T_e的时变特性(测量在频率为500 Hz, 占空比50%调制的氩气等离子体中进行)　(a), (c) 在3 Pa不同功率条件下V_p和T_e的时变特性; (b), (d) 在50 W不同气压条件下V_p和T_e的时变特性

Figure 4. A plot of temporal evolution of plasma potential and electron temperature: (a) plasma potential (V_p) with power (3 Pa); (b) plasma potential (V_p) with pressure (50 W); (c) electron temperature (T_e) with power (3 Pa); (d) electron temperature (T_e) with pressure (50 W). The measurements are carried out at argon plasma and the discharge is pulsed at 500 Hz with 50% duty cycle.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

图 5 不同放电条件下各阶段对应的空间电位及电子温度, 4幅图分别对应图4中的(a), (b), (c), (d)

Figure 5. The plasma potential and electron temperature in each stage under different discharge conditions. The four figures correspond to (a), (b), (c), and (d) in Fig. 4, respectively.

DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

map

[1]	迈克尔·A·力伯曼, 阿伦·J·里登伯格著 (蒲以康译) 2007 等离子体放电原理与材料处理 (北京: 科学出版社) 第1−5页 Lieberman M A, Lichtenberg A J (translated by Pu Y K) 2007 Principles of Plasma Discharges and Processing (Beijing: Science Press) pp1−5 (in Chinese)
[2]	Chang C Y, Sze S M 1996 McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms (New York: ULSI Technology) p329
[3]	Hopwood J 1992 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 1 109 Google Scholar
[4]	Kahoh M, Suzuki K, Tonotani J, Aoki K, Yamage M 2001 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40 5419 Google Scholar
[5]	Lieberman M A, Booth J P, Chabert P, Rax J M, TurnerM M 2002 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11 283 Google Scholar
[6]	Hebner G A, Barnat E V, Miller P A, Paterson A M, Holland J P 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15 879 Google Scholar
[7]	Chabert P 2007 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40 R63 Google Scholar
[8]	Lee I, Graves D B, Lieberman M A 2008 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 17 015018 Google Scholar
[9]	Goto H H, Lowe H D, Ohmi T 1992 J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 10 3048 Google Scholar
[10]	Mishra A, Kim K N, Kim T H, Yeom G Y 2012 Plasma Source Sci. Technol. 21 035018 Google Scholar
[11]	Samukawa S, Furuoya S 1993 Appl. Phys. Lett. 63 2044 Google Scholar
[12]	Samukawa S, Mieno T 1996 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 5 132 Google Scholar
[13]	Verdeyen J T, Beberman J, Overzet L 1990 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8 1851 Google Scholar
[14]	Howling A A, Sansonnens L, Dorier J L, Hollenstein C 1994 J. Appl. Phys. 75 1340 Google Scholar
[15]	Wu H P, Tian Q W, Tian X B, Gong C Z, Zhang X Y, Wu Z Z 2019 Surf. Coat. Technol. 374 383 Google Scholar
[16]	Sun X Y, Zhang Y R, Chai S, Wang Y N, He J X 2019 Phys. Plasmas 26 043503 Google Scholar
[17]	Imamura T, Yamamoto K, Kurihara K, Hayashi H 2017 J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 35 062201 Google Scholar
[18]	Rahman M T, Hossain M M 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 013516 Google Scholar
[19]	Jeon M H, Park J W, Kim T H, Yun D H, Kim K N, Yeom G Y 2016 J. NanoSci. Nanotechnol. 16 11831 Google Scholar
[20]	Liu R Q, Liu Y, Jia W Z, Zhou Y W 2017 Phys. Plasmas 24 013517 Google Scholar
[21]	Thorsteinsson E G, Gudmundsson J T 2009 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18 045002 Google Scholar
[22]	Maresca A, Orlov K, Kortshagen U 2002 Phys. Rev. E 65 056405 Google Scholar
[23]	Liu F X, Tsankov T V, Pu Y K 2015 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48 035206 Google Scholar
[24]	Xue C, Wen D Q, Liu W, Zhang Y R, Gao F, Wang Y N 2017 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 35 021301 Google Scholar
[25]	Wang E Y, Intrator T, Hershkowitz N 1985 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 56 519 Google Scholar
[26]	Fujita H, Yagura S 1983 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 22 148
[27]	Li J Q, Xu J, Bai Y J, Lu W Q, Wang Y N 2016 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 34 061304 Google Scholar
[28]	Sheehan J P, Hershkowitz N 2011 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 20 063001 Google Scholar
[29]	Langmuir I 1923 J. Franklin Inst. 196 751 Google Scholar
[30]	Chen F F 1965 Electric Probes Plasma Diagnostic Techniques (New York: Academic) p184
[31]	Sheehan J P, Barnat E V, Weatherford B R, Kaganovich D, Hershkowitz N 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21 013510 Google Scholar
[32]	Mishra A, Seo J S, Kim K N, Yeom G Y 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 235203 Google Scholar
[33]	Mishra A, Yeom G Y 2016 AIP Adv. 6 095101 Google Scholar
[34]	Mishra A, Jeon M H, Kim K N, Yeom G Y 2012 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21 055006 Google Scholar
[35]	Mishra A, Kelly P J, Bradley J W 2011 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 44 425201 Google Scholar
[36]	Liebig B, Bradley J W 2013 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 22 045020 Google Scholar
[37]	Piejak R B, Godyak V A, Garner R, Alexandrovich B M, Sternberg N 2004 J. Appl. Phys. 95 3785 Google Scholar
[38]	Karkari S K, Ellingboe A R, Gaman C 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 071501 Google Scholar
[39]	Chen F F, Chang J P 2002 Principles of Plasma Processing (Dordrecht/New York: Kluwer/Plenum) pp31–32
[40]	Zhao Y F, Zhou Y, Ma X P, Cao L Y, Zheng F G, Xin Y 2019 Phys. Plasmas 26 033502 Google Scholar
[41]	Karkari S K, Gaman C, Ellingboe A R, Swindells I, Bradley J W 2007 Meas. Sci. Technol. 18 2649 Google Scholar
[42]	Welzel T, Dunger T, Leibig B, Richter F 2008 New J. Phys. 10 123008 Google Scholar
[43]	Bradley J W, Karkari S K, Vetushka A 2004 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 13 189 Google Scholar
[44]	Arslanbekov R R, Kudryavtsev A A 2001 Phys. Rev. E 64 016401 Google Scholar
[45]	Liu F X, Guo X M, Pu Y K 2015 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24 034013 Google Scholar
[46]	You S D, Dodd R, Edwards A, Bradley J W 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 505205 Google Scholar
[47]	Wenig G, Schulze M, Awakowicz P, Keudell A V 2006 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 15 S35 Google Scholar
[48]	Poolcharuansin P, BradleyJ W 2010 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19 025010 Google Scholar

[1]	Yue Dong-Ning, Dong Quan-Li, Chen Min, Zhao Yao, Geng Pan-Fei, Yuan Xiao-Hui, Sheng Zheng-Ming, Zhang Jie. Generation of collisionless electrostatic shock waves in interaction between strong intense laser and near-critical-density plasma. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(11): 115202. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230271
[2]	Zhang Meng, Yao Ruo-He, Liu Yu-Rong. A channel thermal noise model of nanoscaled metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(5): 057101. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20191512
[3]	Zhang Meng, Yao Ruo-He, Liu Yu-Rong, Geng Kui-Wei. Shot noise model of the short channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(17): 177102. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200497
[4]	Zhao Xiao-Yun, Zhang Bing-Kai, Wang Chun-Xiao, Tang Yi-Jia. Effects of q-nonextensive distribution of electrons on secondary electron emission in plasma sheath. Acta Physica Sinica, 2019, 68(18): 185204. doi: 10.7498/aps.68.20190225
[5]	Gao Qi, Zhang Chuan-Fei, Zhou Lin, Li Zheng-Hong, Wu Ze-Qing, Lei Yu, Zhang Chun-Lai, Zu Xiao-Tao. Separating the Z-pinch plasma X-ray radiation and attaining the electron temperature. Acta Physica Sinica, 2014, 63(9): 095201. doi: 10.7498/aps.63.095201
[6]	Hong Bu-Shuang, Yuan Tao, Zou Shuai, Tang Zhong-Hua, Xu Dong-Sheng, Yu Yi-Qing, Wang Xu-Sheng, Xin Yu. Influence of addifion of electronegative gases on the properties of capacitively coupled Ar plasmas. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(11): 115202. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.115202
[7]	Chen Gen-Yu, Deng Hui, Xu Jian-Bo, Li Zong-Gen, Zhang Ling. Plasma characterization studies of laser dressing for bronze-bonded diamond wheel by a pulsed fiber laser. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(14): 144204. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.144204
[8]	Duan Ping, Cao An-Ning, Shen Hong-Juan, Zhou Xin-Wei, Qin Hai-Juan, Liu Jin-Yuan, Qing Shao-Wei. Effect of electron temperature on the characteristics of plasma sheath in Hall thruster. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(20): 205205. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.205205
[9]	Zou Shuai, Tang Zhong-Hua, Ji Liang-Liang, Su Xiao-Dong, Xin Yu. Application of floating microwave resonator probe to the measurement of electron density in electronegative capacitively coupled plasma. Acta Physica Sinica, 2012, 61(7): 075204. doi: 10.7498/aps.61.075204
[10]	Meng Shi-Jian, Li Zheng-Hong, Qin Yi, Ye Fan, Xu Rong-Kun. X-ray continuum spectra for diagnosing plasma temperaturein aluminum wire array Z-pinches. Acta Physica Sinica, 2011, 60(4): 045211. doi: 10.7498/aps.60.045211
[11]	Han Xiao-Yan, Geng Xin-Hua, Hou Guo-Fu, Zhang Xiao-Dan, Li Gui-Jun, Yuan Yu-Jie, Wei Chang-Chun, Sun Jian, Zhang De-Kun, Zhao Ying. An optical emission spectroscopy study on the high rate growth of microcrystalline silicon films. Acta Physica Sinica, 2009, 58(2): 1344-1347. doi: 10.7498/aps.58.1344
[12]	Zhang Min, Wu Zhen-Sen. The moments analysis of the pulse propagation through plasma medium and its applications. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(10): 5937-5944. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.5937
[13]	Niu Tian-Ye, Cao Jin-Xiang, Liu Lei, Liu Jin-Ying, Wang Yan, Wang Liang, Lü You, Wang Ge, Zhu Ying. The techniques of single probe and emission spectroscopy diagnostics in low temperature argon plasmas. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(4): 2330-2336. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.2330
[14]	Guo Qing-Lin, Zhou Yu-Long, Zhang Bo, Zhang Qiu-Lin, Zhang Jin-Ping, Huai Su-Fang. Influence of matrices on electron temperature of laser micro-plasma in argon atmosphere at reduced pressure. Acta Physica Sinica, 2007, 56(9): 5318-5322. doi: 10.7498/aps.56.5318
[15]	Chen Zhuo, He Wei, Pu Yi-Kang. Measurement of metastable state densities and electron temperatures in an electron cyclotron resonance argon plasma. Acta Physica Sinica, 2005, 54(5): 2153-2157. doi: 10.7498/aps.54.2153
[16]	Huang Song, Ning Zhao-Yuan, Xin Yu, Gan Zhao-Qiang. Characteristics of two-electron-temperature in inductively coupled CF4 plasmas. Acta Physica Sinica, 2004, 53(10): 3394-3397. doi: 10.7498/aps.53.3394
[17]	Yang Jia-Min, Ding Yao-Nan, Chen Bo, Zheng Zhi-Jian, Yang Guo-Hong, Zhang Bao-Han, Wang Yao-Mei, Zhang Wen-Hai. Electron temperature measurement of low-energy laser produced plasma using iso-electronic x-ray spectroscopy. Acta Physica Sinica, 2003, 52(2): 411-414. doi: 10.7498/aps.52.411
[18]	CHEN BO, ZHENG ZHI-JIAN, DING YONG-KUN, LI SAN-WEI, WANG YAO-MEI. DETERMINATION OF ELECTRON TEMPERATURE IN LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS BY ISOELECTRONIC XRAY SPECTROSCOPY. Acta Physica Sinica, 2001, 50(4): 711-714. doi: 10.7498/aps.50.711
[19]	ZHU WEN-HAO, ZHU NAN-QIANG, CHEN YUE-SHAN. PROBE DIAGNOSTICS OF THE ELECTRON ENERGY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN A LOW PRESSURE RF PLASMA. Acta Physica Sinica, 1989, 38(2): 236-246. doi: 10.7498/aps.38.236
[20]	CHENG CHENG, SUN WEI, TANG CHUAN-SHUN. TIME RESOLVED ELECTRON TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY IN A PULSED LASER PLASMA. Acta Physica Sinica, 1988, 37(7): 1150-1156. doi: 10.7498/aps.37.1150

Catalog

Vol. 69, Issue 8 - 2020-04-20

Metrics

Abstract views: 8398
PDF Downloads: 126
Cited By: 0

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

Search

Article

留言板