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The pre-Bötzinger complex is a neuronal network with excitatory coupling, which participates in modulation of respiratory rhythms via the generation of complex firing rhythm patterns and synchronization transitions of rhythm patterns. In the present paper, a mathematical model of single neuron that exhibits complex transition processes from bursting to spiking is selected as a unit, the network model of the pre-Bötzinger complex composed of two neurons with excitatory coupling is constructed, multiple synchronous rhythm patterns and complex transition processes of the synchronous rhythm patterns related to the biological experimental observations are simulated, and the corresponding bifurcation mechanism is acquired with the fast-slow variable dissection method. When the initial values of two neurons of the pre-Bötzinger complex are the same, with increasing the excitatory coupling strength, the theoretical model of the pre-Bötzinger complex shows complete synchronization transition processes from "fold/homoclinic" bursting, to "subHopf/subHopf" bursting, and at last to period-1 spiking. When the initial values are different, with the increases of the excitatory coupling intensity, the rhythm transition processes begin from phase synchronization behaviors including "fold/homoclinic" bursting, "fold/fold limit cycle" bursting, mixed bursting composed of "subHopf/subHopf" bursting and "fold/fold limit cycle" bursting, and "subHopf/ subHopf" bursting in sequence, and to anti-phase synchronous behavior of the period-1 spiking. The complete (in-phase) synchronous period-1 spiking for the same initial values exhibits bifurcation mechanism different from the anti-phase synchronous period-1 spiking for different initial values. The anti-phase synchronous period-1 spiking presents a novel and abnormal example of the synchronization at large excitatory coupling strength, which is different from the traditional viewpoint that large excitatory coupling often induces in-phase synchronous behavior. The results present the synchronization transition process and complex bifurcation mechanism from bursting to period-1 spiking of the pre-Bötzinger complex, and the abnormal synchronization example enriches the contents of nonlinear dynamics.
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Keywords:
- bifurcation /
- synchronization transition /
- neural firing /
- pre-Bötzinger complex
[1] Braun H A, Wissing H, Schäfer K, Hirsch M C 1994 Nature 367 270Google Scholar
[2] Gu H G, Pan B B 2015 Nonlinear Dyn. 81 2107Google Scholar
[3] 谢勇, 程建慧 2017 66 090501Google Scholar
Xie Y, Cheng J H 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 090501Google Scholar
[4] Sun X J, Perc M, Kurths J, Lu Q S 2018 Chaos 28 106310Google Scholar
[5] 徐莹, 王春妮, 靳伍银, 马军 2015 64 198701
Xu Y, Wang C N, Jin W Y, Ma J 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 198701
[6] 李国芳, 孙晓娟 2017 66 240501Google Scholar
Li G F, Sun X J 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 240501Google Scholar
[7] Bianchi A L, Denavit-Saubie M, Champagnat J 1995 Physiol. Rev. 75 1Google Scholar
[8] Cohen M I 1979 Physiol. Rev. 59 1105Google Scholar
[9] Funk G D, Smith J C, Feldman J L 1995 J. Neurosci. 15 4046Google Scholar
[10] Richter D W, Ballanyi K, Schwarzacher S 1992 Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2 788Google Scholar
[11] 严亨秀, 张承武, 郑煜 2004 生理学报 56 665Google Scholar
Yan H X, Zhang C W, Zheng Y 2004 Acta Physiol. Sin. 56 665Google Scholar
[12] 宋刚 1999 生理科学进展 3 237
Song G 1999 Prog. Physiol. Sci. 3 237
[13] Smith J C, Ellenberger H H, Ballanyi K, Richter D W, Feldman J L 1991 Science 254 726Google Scholar
[14] Feldman J L, Negro C A D 2006 Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7 232Google Scholar
[15] Smith J C 1997 Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) p97
[16] Johnson S M, Smith J C, Funk G D, Feldman J L 1994 J. Neurophysiol. 72 2598Google Scholar
[17] Ramirez J M, Richter D W 1996 Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6 817Google Scholar
[18] Rekling J C, Feldman J L 1998 Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60 385Google Scholar
[19] Koshiya N, Smith J C 1998 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience Los Angeles, California, USA, November 7-12, 1998 p531
[20] Koshiya N, Smith J C 1999 Nature 400 360Google Scholar
[21] Negro C A D, Morgado V C, Hayes J A, Mackay D D, Pace R W, Crowder E A, Feldman J L 2005 J. Neurosci. 25 446Google Scholar
[22] Smith J C, Butera R J, Koshiya N, Del Negro C, Wilson C G, Johnson S M 2000 Resp. Physiol. 122 131Google Scholar
[23] Gray P A, Rekling J C, Bocchiaro C M, Feldman J L 1999 Science 286 1566Google Scholar
[24] Butera R J, Rinzel J, Smith J C 1999 J. Neurophysiol. 82 382Google Scholar
[25] Dunmyre J R, Negro C A D, Rubin J E 2011 J. Comput. Neurosci. 31 305Google Scholar
[26] Negro C A D, Johnson S M, Butera R J, Smith J C 2001 J. Neurophysiol. 86 59Google Scholar
[27] Butera R J, Rinzel J, Smith J C 1999 J. Neurophysiol. 82 398Google Scholar
[28] Purvis L K, Smith J C, Koizumi H, Butera R J 2007 J. Neurophysiol. 97 1515Google Scholar
[29] Best J, Borisyuk A, Rubin J E, Terman D, Wechselberger M 2005 SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 4 1107Google Scholar
[30] Rubin J E 2006 Phys. Rev. E 74 021917Google Scholar
[31] Dunmyre J R, Rubin J E 2010 SIAM J Appl. Dyn. Syst. 9 154Google Scholar
[32] Guo D D, Lü Z S 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 110501Google Scholar
[33] Rybak I A, Molkov Y I, Jasinski P E, Shevtsova N A, Smith J C 2014 Prog. Brain. Res. 209 1Google Scholar
[34] 张应腾, 熊冬生, 刘深泉 2015 中国医学物理学杂志 32 115Google Scholar
Zhang Y T, Xiong D S, Liu S Q 2015 Chin. J. Med. Phys. 32 115Google Scholar
[35] 刘义, 刘深泉 2011 动力学与控制学报 9 257Google Scholar
Liu Y, Liu S Q 2011 J. Dynam. Cont. 9 257Google Scholar
[36] Duan L X, Zhai D H, Tang X H 2012 Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos 22 1250114Google Scholar
[37] Lü Z S, Chen L N, Duan L X 2019 Appl. Math. Model. 67 234Google Scholar
[38] Lü Z S, Zhang B Z, Duan L X 2017 Cogn. Neurodynamics 11 443Google Scholar
[39] Wang Z J, Duan L X, Cao Q Y 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 070502Google Scholar
[40] Duan L X, Liu J, Chen X, Xiao P C, Zhao Y 2017 Cogn. Neurodynamics 11 91Google Scholar
[41] Rubin J E, Shevtsova N A, Ermentrout G B, Smith J C, Rybak I A 2009 J. Neurophysiol. 101 2146Google Scholar
[42] Rubin J E, Bacak B J, Molkov Y I, Shevtsova N A, Smith J C, Rybak I A 2011 J. Comput. Neurosci. 30 607Google Scholar
[43] 平小方, 刘深泉, 任会霞 2015 动力学与控制学报 13 215Google Scholar
Ping X F, Liu S Q, Ren H X 2015 J. Dynam. Cont. 13 215Google Scholar
[44] Belykh I, Shilnikov A 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 078102Google Scholar
[45] Wu F Q, Gu H G, Li Y Y 2019 Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 79 104924Google Scholar
[46] 丁学利, 李玉叶 2016 65 210502Google Scholar
Ding X L, Li Y Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 210502Google Scholar
[47] Jia B, Wu Y C, He D, Guo B H, Xue L 2018 Nonlinear Dyn. 93 1599Google Scholar
[48] Li Y Y, Gu H G, Ding X L 2019 Nonlinear Dyn. 97 2091Google Scholar
[49] 曹奔, 关利南, 古华光 2018 67 240502Google Scholar
Cao B, Guan L N, Gu H G 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 240502Google Scholar
[50] Uzuntarla M, Torres J J, Calim A, Barreto E 2019 Neural Networks 110 131Google Scholar
[51] 埃门创特 B 著 (孝鹏程, 段丽霞, 苏建忠译) 2002 动力系统仿真, 分析与动画—XPPAUT使用指南 (北京: 科学出版社) 第155−167页
Ermentrout B (translated by Xiao P C, Duan L L, Su J Z) 2002 Simulating, Analyzing, and Animating Dynamical systems: A Guide to XPPAUT for Researchers and Students (Beijing: Science Press) p155−167 (in Chinese)
[52] Izhikevich E M 2000 Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos 10 1171Google Scholar
[53] Hashemi M, Valizadeh A, Azizi Y 2012 Phys. Rev. E 85 021917Google Scholar
[54] Jia B, Gu H G 2017 Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos 27 1750113Google Scholar
[55] Zhao Z G, Gu H G 2017 Sci. Rep. 7 6760Google Scholar
[56] Li J J, Du M M, Wang R, Lei J Z, Wu Y 2016 Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos 26 1650138Google Scholar
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图 1 不同
${g_{\rm{K}}}$ 下单神经元放电在(h, V)相平面的轨迹 (a)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{7}}{\rm{.1}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (b)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{7}}{\rm{.8}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (c)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{10}}{\rm{.0}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (d)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{25}}{\rm{.0}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ Figure 1. The (h, V) trajectory of the single neuron at different
${g_{\rm{K}}}$ values: (a)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{7}}{\rm{.1}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (b)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{7}}{\rm{.8}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (c)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{10}}{\rm{.0}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (d)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{25}}{\rm{.0}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ .图 4 单神经元在不同的
${g_{\rm{K}}}$ 下簇放电模式的快慢变量分离 (a)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{7}}.1\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (b)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{7}}.8\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (c)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{10}}.0\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (d)${g_{\rm{K}}} =$ 25.0 nSFigure 4. The fast-slow variable dissection of bursting of single neuron at different
${g_{\rm{K}}}$ values: (a)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{7}}.1\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (b)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{7}}.8\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (c)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{10}}.0\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (d)$ {g_{\rm{K}}} = {\rm{25}}.0\;{\rm{nS}} $ .图 5 随着耦合强度
${g_{{\text{syn-e}}}}$ 增大, 耦合神经元模型的同步转迁过程. 相同初值 (a1)耦合电流平均值$\bar I$ ; (a2)峰相位差的最大值$\max (\Delta (\phi (t)))$ ; (a3)簇相位差的最大值$ \max (\Delta (\varPhi (t))) $ ; (a4)相关系数ρ; (a5)神经元1的ISIs序列. 不同初值: (b1)耦合电流平均值$\bar I$ ; (b2)峰相位差的最大值$\max (\Delta (\phi (t)))$ ; (b3)簇相位差的最大值$ \max (\Delta (\varPhi (t))) $ ; (b4)相关系数ρ; (b5)神经元1的ISIs序列Figure 5. Transitions with respect to
${g_{{\text{syn-e}}}}$ of coupled neurons model. The same initial values: (a1) The mean values of coupling current$\bar I$ ; (a2) maximum spike phase difference$\max (\Delta (\phi (t)))$ ; (a3) maximum burst phase difference$ \max (\Delta (\varPhi (t))) $ ; (a4) coefficient ρ; (a5) ISIs of neuron 1. Different initial values: (b1) The mean values of coupling current$\bar I$ ; (b2) maximum spike phase difference$\max (\Delta (\phi (t)))$ ; (b3) maximum burst phase difference$ \max (\Delta (\varPhi (t))) $ ; (b4) coefficient ρ; (b5) ISIs of neuron 1.图 6 初值相同时, 不同耦合强度下神经元1(红)和2(蓝)的膜电位
$V$ (上)及耦合电流${I^{{\text{syn-e}}}}$ (下), 插图是局部放大 (a)$ {g_{{\text{syn-e}}}} = {\rm{0}}{\rm{.35}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (b)$ {g_{{\text{syn-e}}}} = {\rm{2}}{\rm{.5}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (c)$ {g_{{\text{syn-e}}}} = {\rm{5}}{\rm{.0}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (d)$ {g_{{\text{syn-e}}}} = {\rm{18}}{\rm{.0}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ Figure 6. Membrane potential
$V$ (top) and coupling current${I^{{\text{syn-e}}}}$ (low) of neurons 1 (red) and 2 (blue) with the same initial values at different${g_{{\text{syn-e}}}}$ values (Insert figure: the enlargement of bursting): (a)$ {g_{{\text{syn-e}}}} = {\rm{0}}{\rm{.35}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (b)$ {g_{{\text{syn-e}}}} = {\rm{2}}{\rm{.5}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (c)$ {g_{{\text{syn-e}}}} = {\rm{5}}{\rm{.0}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ ; (d)$ {g_{{\text{syn-e}}}} = {\rm{18}}{\rm{.0}}\;{\rm{nS}} $ .图 7 初值不同时, 不同耦合强度下神经元1(红)和2(蓝)的膜电位V(上)及耦合电流
${I^{{\text{syn-e}}}}$ (下), 插图是局部放大 (a)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 0.35 nS; (b)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 1.5 nS (c)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 2.5 nS; (d)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 5.0 nS; (e)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 18.0 nSFigure 7. Membrane potential V (top) and coupling current
${I^{{\text{syn-e}}}}$ (low) of neurons 1 (red) and 2 (blue) with different initial values at different$g_\text{syn-e}$ (Insert figure: the enlargement of bursting): (a)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 0.35 nS; (b)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 1.5 nS; (c)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 2.5 nS; (d)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 5.0 nS; (e)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 18.0 nS.图 8 当
$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 1.5 nS时, 两耦合神经元的快子系统的分岔, 插图是局部放大 (a)平衡点分岔; (b)平衡点分岔和极限环的分岔Figure 8. Bifurcations of the fast-subsystem of the two coupled neurons with respect to h when
$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 1.5 nS (Insert figure: the enlargement): (a) Equilibrium points; (b) equilibrium points and limit cycle.图 9 初值相同时, 神经元1在不同耦合强度下簇放电模式的快慢变量分离, 插图是局部放大 (a)
$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 0.35 nS; (b)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 2.5 nS; (c)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 5.0 nS; (d)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 18.0 nSFigure 9. The fast-slow variable dissection of neuron 1 for different initial values at different
$g_\text{syn-e}$ values (Insert figure: the enlargement): (a)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 0.35 nS; (b)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 2.5 nS; (c)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 5.0 nS; (d)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 18.0 nS.图 10 初值不同时, 神经元1在不同耦合强度下簇放电模式的快慢变量分离, 插图是局部放大 (a)
${g_{{\rm{syn - e}}}}$ = 0.35 nS; (b)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 1.5 nS; (c)和(d)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 2.5 nS; (e)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 5.0 nS; (f)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 18.0 nSFigure 10. The fast-slow variable dissection of neuron 1 for different initial values at different
$g_\text{syn-e}$ values (Insert figure: the enlargement): (a)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 0.35 nS; (b)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 1.5 nS; (c) and (d)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 2.5 nS; (e)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 5.0 nS; (f)$g_\text{syn-e}$ = 18.0 nS.图 12 (a)快子系统的平衡点和极限环的分岔; (b)图(a)中极限环分岔处的放大; (c)反相同步(紫色)和同相同步(绿色)周期1峰放电的快慢变量分离; (d)图(c)中反向同步(紫色)和同向(绿色)同步周期1峰放电的放大
Figure 12. (a) Bifurcations of equilibrium points and limit cycle of the fast-subsystem; (b) enlargement of (a); (c) fast-slow variable dissection of anti-phase (purple) and in-phase (green) period-1 spiking; (d) enlargement of anti-phase (purple) and in-phase (green) period-1 spiking in Fig. (c).
表 1 理论模型中的参数值
Table 1. Parameter values used in the theoretical model.
参数 参数值 参数 参数值 参数 参数值 参数 参数值 C 21 pF $ {\sigma _{ {\rm{m_p} }} } $ –6 mV $ {g_{ {\rm{Nap} }} } $ 2.8 nS ${E_{{\rm{Na}}}}$ 50 mV $ {\theta _{ {\rm{m_p} }} } $ –40 mV ${\sigma _{\rm{m}}}$ –5 mV ${g_{{\rm{Na}}}}$ 28 nS ${E_{\rm{K}}}$ –85 mV ${\theta _{\rm{m}}}$ –34 mV $\sigma {}_{\rm{h}}$ 6 mV ${g_{\rm{L}}}$ 2.8 nS ${E_{\rm{L}}}$ –65 mV ${\theta _{\rm{h}}}$ –48 mV ${\sigma _{\rm{n}}}$ –4 mV ${g_{ {\text{tonic-e} } } }$ 0.4 nS ${\bar \tau _{\rm{h}}}$ 10000 ms ${\theta _{\rm{n}}}$ –29 mV ${\sigma _{\rm{s}}}$ –5 mV ${\varepsilon _{}}$ 6 ${\bar \tau _{\rm{n}}}$ 5 ms $\theta {}_{\rm{s}}$ –10 mV ${\alpha _{\rm{s}}}$ –5 mV 表 2 不同
${g_{\rm{K}}}$ 下快子系统中关键点的慢变量h的值Table 2. The values of slow variable h of the bifurcation or key points at different
${g_{\rm{K}}}$ values.关键点 h的值 F1 F2 subh HC LPC 共存区域 $ {g_{\rm{K} }} = 7.1\;{\rm{nS}} $ 0.4928 –1.6780 0.2128 0.3265 0.4308 [0.3265, 0.4308] $ {g_{\rm{K} }} = 7.8\;{\rm{nS}} $ 0.4928 –1.6680 0.2858 0.3476 0.4973 [0.3476, 0.4928] $ {g_{\rm{K} }} = 10.0 \;{\rm{nS}} $ 0.4928 –1.6390 0.5072 0.3941 0.7025 [0.3941, 0.4928] $ {g_{\rm{K} }} = 25.0 \;{\rm{nS}} $ 0.4928 –1.4800 1.7880 0.4849 1.9240 [0.4849, 0.4928] 表 3 不同
${g_{{\rm{syn\text-e}}}}$ 下快子系统中关键点的慢变量h的值Table 3. The slow variable h values of the bifurcation or key points at different
${g_{{\rm{syn\text-e}}}}$ values.关键点 h的值 $g_\text{syn-e}$ = 0.35 nS $g_\text{syn-e}$ = 2.5 nS $g_\text{syn-e}$ = 5.0 nS $g_\text{syn-e}$ = 18.0 nS F1 0.4874 0.4918 0.4908 0.4856 F2 –1.6695 –1.6759 –1.6685 –1.7212 subh1 0.2817 0.2565 0.2259 0.0746 subh2 0.2858 0.2852 0.2274 0.0794 LPC1 0.4927 0.4273 0.3598 0.0960 LPC2 \ 0.3103 0.2406 –0.2504 LPC3 \ \ \ 0.0890 LPC4 \ \ \ –0.099 HC 0.3398 \ \ \ 共存区域 [0.3398, 0.4927] [0.3103, 0.4273] [0.2406, 0.3598] [0.0960, 0.250]和[0.0890, 0.099] -
[1] Braun H A, Wissing H, Schäfer K, Hirsch M C 1994 Nature 367 270Google Scholar
[2] Gu H G, Pan B B 2015 Nonlinear Dyn. 81 2107Google Scholar
[3] 谢勇, 程建慧 2017 66 090501Google Scholar
Xie Y, Cheng J H 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 090501Google Scholar
[4] Sun X J, Perc M, Kurths J, Lu Q S 2018 Chaos 28 106310Google Scholar
[5] 徐莹, 王春妮, 靳伍银, 马军 2015 64 198701
Xu Y, Wang C N, Jin W Y, Ma J 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 198701
[6] 李国芳, 孙晓娟 2017 66 240501Google Scholar
Li G F, Sun X J 2017 Acta Phys. Sin. 66 240501Google Scholar
[7] Bianchi A L, Denavit-Saubie M, Champagnat J 1995 Physiol. Rev. 75 1Google Scholar
[8] Cohen M I 1979 Physiol. Rev. 59 1105Google Scholar
[9] Funk G D, Smith J C, Feldman J L 1995 J. Neurosci. 15 4046Google Scholar
[10] Richter D W, Ballanyi K, Schwarzacher S 1992 Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2 788Google Scholar
[11] 严亨秀, 张承武, 郑煜 2004 生理学报 56 665Google Scholar
Yan H X, Zhang C W, Zheng Y 2004 Acta Physiol. Sin. 56 665Google Scholar
[12] 宋刚 1999 生理科学进展 3 237
Song G 1999 Prog. Physiol. Sci. 3 237
[13] Smith J C, Ellenberger H H, Ballanyi K, Richter D W, Feldman J L 1991 Science 254 726Google Scholar
[14] Feldman J L, Negro C A D 2006 Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7 232Google Scholar
[15] Smith J C 1997 Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) p97
[16] Johnson S M, Smith J C, Funk G D, Feldman J L 1994 J. Neurophysiol. 72 2598Google Scholar
[17] Ramirez J M, Richter D W 1996 Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6 817Google Scholar
[18] Rekling J C, Feldman J L 1998 Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60 385Google Scholar
[19] Koshiya N, Smith J C 1998 28th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience Los Angeles, California, USA, November 7-12, 1998 p531
[20] Koshiya N, Smith J C 1999 Nature 400 360Google Scholar
[21] Negro C A D, Morgado V C, Hayes J A, Mackay D D, Pace R W, Crowder E A, Feldman J L 2005 J. Neurosci. 25 446Google Scholar
[22] Smith J C, Butera R J, Koshiya N, Del Negro C, Wilson C G, Johnson S M 2000 Resp. Physiol. 122 131Google Scholar
[23] Gray P A, Rekling J C, Bocchiaro C M, Feldman J L 1999 Science 286 1566Google Scholar
[24] Butera R J, Rinzel J, Smith J C 1999 J. Neurophysiol. 82 382Google Scholar
[25] Dunmyre J R, Negro C A D, Rubin J E 2011 J. Comput. Neurosci. 31 305Google Scholar
[26] Negro C A D, Johnson S M, Butera R J, Smith J C 2001 J. Neurophysiol. 86 59Google Scholar
[27] Butera R J, Rinzel J, Smith J C 1999 J. Neurophysiol. 82 398Google Scholar
[28] Purvis L K, Smith J C, Koizumi H, Butera R J 2007 J. Neurophysiol. 97 1515Google Scholar
[29] Best J, Borisyuk A, Rubin J E, Terman D, Wechselberger M 2005 SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 4 1107Google Scholar
[30] Rubin J E 2006 Phys. Rev. E 74 021917Google Scholar
[31] Dunmyre J R, Rubin J E 2010 SIAM J Appl. Dyn. Syst. 9 154Google Scholar
[32] Guo D D, Lü Z S 2019 Chin. Phys. B 28 110501Google Scholar
[33] Rybak I A, Molkov Y I, Jasinski P E, Shevtsova N A, Smith J C 2014 Prog. Brain. Res. 209 1Google Scholar
[34] 张应腾, 熊冬生, 刘深泉 2015 中国医学物理学杂志 32 115Google Scholar
Zhang Y T, Xiong D S, Liu S Q 2015 Chin. J. Med. Phys. 32 115Google Scholar
[35] 刘义, 刘深泉 2011 动力学与控制学报 9 257Google Scholar
Liu Y, Liu S Q 2011 J. Dynam. Cont. 9 257Google Scholar
[36] Duan L X, Zhai D H, Tang X H 2012 Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos 22 1250114Google Scholar
[37] Lü Z S, Chen L N, Duan L X 2019 Appl. Math. Model. 67 234Google Scholar
[38] Lü Z S, Zhang B Z, Duan L X 2017 Cogn. Neurodynamics 11 443Google Scholar
[39] Wang Z J, Duan L X, Cao Q Y 2018 Chin. Phys. B 27 070502Google Scholar
[40] Duan L X, Liu J, Chen X, Xiao P C, Zhao Y 2017 Cogn. Neurodynamics 11 91Google Scholar
[41] Rubin J E, Shevtsova N A, Ermentrout G B, Smith J C, Rybak I A 2009 J. Neurophysiol. 101 2146Google Scholar
[42] Rubin J E, Bacak B J, Molkov Y I, Shevtsova N A, Smith J C, Rybak I A 2011 J. Comput. Neurosci. 30 607Google Scholar
[43] 平小方, 刘深泉, 任会霞 2015 动力学与控制学报 13 215Google Scholar
Ping X F, Liu S Q, Ren H X 2015 J. Dynam. Cont. 13 215Google Scholar
[44] Belykh I, Shilnikov A 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 078102Google Scholar
[45] Wu F Q, Gu H G, Li Y Y 2019 Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 79 104924Google Scholar
[46] 丁学利, 李玉叶 2016 65 210502Google Scholar
Ding X L, Li Y Y 2016 Acta Phys. Sin. 65 210502Google Scholar
[47] Jia B, Wu Y C, He D, Guo B H, Xue L 2018 Nonlinear Dyn. 93 1599Google Scholar
[48] Li Y Y, Gu H G, Ding X L 2019 Nonlinear Dyn. 97 2091Google Scholar
[49] 曹奔, 关利南, 古华光 2018 67 240502Google Scholar
Cao B, Guan L N, Gu H G 2018 Acta Phys. Sin. 67 240502Google Scholar
[50] Uzuntarla M, Torres J J, Calim A, Barreto E 2019 Neural Networks 110 131Google Scholar
[51] 埃门创特 B 著 (孝鹏程, 段丽霞, 苏建忠译) 2002 动力系统仿真, 分析与动画—XPPAUT使用指南 (北京: 科学出版社) 第155−167页
Ermentrout B (translated by Xiao P C, Duan L L, Su J Z) 2002 Simulating, Analyzing, and Animating Dynamical systems: A Guide to XPPAUT for Researchers and Students (Beijing: Science Press) p155−167 (in Chinese)
[52] Izhikevich E M 2000 Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos 10 1171Google Scholar
[53] Hashemi M, Valizadeh A, Azizi Y 2012 Phys. Rev. E 85 021917Google Scholar
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