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Since the moon has an extremely rarefied atmosphere, the full spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation of the sun reaches the surface, charging the surface dust and affecting its current charge state. Lunar surface dust thus remains electrostatically charged at all times. Charged lunar dust will adversely affect the operations of most mechanical systems required by manned and unmanned exploration missions. Charged dust will also stubbornly adhere to solar panels and thermal radiators, thus reducing their efficiencies. Researches on the charged lunar dust can help to investigate lunar dusty environment as well as to solve those particle-induced problems by both simulation and experiment in laboratory. In this work, two different charging processes of charged lunar dust in the environment of electron beam and the radiation of ultraviolet source are considered. The computer numerical simulation method is used to analyze these two different charging processes of lunar dust, to explore the charging mechanisms of lunar dusts, and to choose an appropriate way of charging for the lunar environment simulation device in laboratory. On the basis of the classic dust charging equation, the charging equation of a dust in pure electron environment is given for the first time in this work. Meanwhile, the charging process under ultraviolet radiation is discussed and combined with the specific application of charging dusts. A solver of fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm is made to solve differential equations under two different irradiation sources. The main simulation results show that:1) in electron environment, the surface dust charge number increases as the particle size and the current intensity of electron guns increase, while the charge number increases as the beam spot radius of electron guns decreases; 2) under ultraviolet radiation, the dust charge number increases with the particle size and irradiance increasing, but charging efficiency is slow. A great dust charge number needs a long time radiation from sun (equivalent to 74 deuterium lamps), which means that more ultraviolet radiation sources are essential to speeding up the experiment in laboratory. Although the calculated efficiency of ultraviolet radiation is lower than electron irradiation, the secondary-electron emission, the scattering and the transmission process of electron irradiation are ignored, which can greatly reduce the efficiency of charging by energetic electron guns in the actual experiment. Therefore, comparing these two charging mechanisms and considering the actual design requirements for the space environment simulation device, charging by lots of ultraviolet radiation is an appropriate scheme for electrification of lunar dusts.
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Keywords:
- lunar dust grains /
- charging mechanism /
- charging process /
- space environment simulation device
[1] Ma J X 2006 Physics 35 224 (in Chinese) [马锦绣 2006 物理 35 224]
[2] Whipple E C 1981 Rep. Prog. Phys. 44 1197
[3] Ma J X, Liu J Y, Yu M Y 1997 Phys. Rev. E 55 4627
[4] Liu J Y 1998 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese) [刘金远 1998 博士学位论文 (合肥:中国科学技术大学)]
[5] Low G M 1969 Apollo 11 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) MSC-00171
[6] McDivitt J A 1969 Apollo 12 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) MSC-01855
[7] Shepard Jr A B 1971 Apollo 14 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) MSC-04112
[8] Scott D R 1971 Apollo 15 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) MSC-05161
[9] Morris O G 1972 Apollo 16 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) MSC-7230
[10] Morris O G 1972 Apollo 17 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) JSC-07904
[11] Gaier J R 2005 The Effects of Lunar Dust on EVA Systems During the Apollo Missions (Cleveland: NASA Glenn Research Center) NASA/TM-2005-213610/REV1
[12] Zhang S S, Wang S J, Li X Y, Li S J, Tang H, Li Y, Yu W 2013 Earth Sci.: J. China Univ. Geosci. 38 339 (in Chinese) [张森森, 王世杰, 李雄耀, 李世杰, 唐红, 李阳, 于雯 2013 地球科学: 中国地质大学学报 38 339]
[13] Shi X B, Li Y Z, Huang Y, Wang J 2007 Chin. J. Space Sci. 27 66 (in Chinese) [石晓波, 李运泽, 黄勇, 王浚 2007 空间科学学报 27 66]
[14] Sun H, Shen Z G, Zhang X J, Ma S L 2015 Manned Spaceflight 21 642 (in Chinese) [孙浩, 沈志刚, 张晓静, 麻树林 2015 载人航天 21 642]
[15] Tong J Y, Li M, Bai Y, Tian D B 2013 Chin. Space Sci. Technol. 4 78 (in Chinese) [童靖宇, 李蔓, 白羽, 田东波 2013 中国空间科学技术 4 78]
[16] Freeman J W, Ibrahim M 1975 Earth, Moon, and Planets 14 103
[17] Wallis M K, Hassan M H A 1983 Astron. and Astrophys. 121 10
[18] Havnes O, Goertz C K, Morfill G E, Grun E, Ip W 1987 J. Geophys. Res. 92 2281
[19] Sternovsky Z, Horanyi M, Robertson S 2001 J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 19 2533
[20] Colwell J E, Gulbis A A S, Horanyi M, Robertson S 2005 Icarus 175 159
[21] Abbas M M, Tankosic D, Craven P D, LeClair A C, Spann J F 2010 Astrophys. J. 718 795
[22] Liu J Y, Chen L, Wang F, Wang N, Duan P 2010 Acta Phys.Sin. 59 8692 (in Chinese) [刘金远, 陈龙, 王丰, 王楠, 段萍 2010 59 8692]
[23] Delzanno G L, Tang X Z 2015 Phys.Plasmas 22 113703
[24] Shukla P K, Mamun A A 2002 Introduction to Dusty Plasma Physics (Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing) pp36-69
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[1] Ma J X 2006 Physics 35 224 (in Chinese) [马锦绣 2006 物理 35 224]
[2] Whipple E C 1981 Rep. Prog. Phys. 44 1197
[3] Ma J X, Liu J Y, Yu M Y 1997 Phys. Rev. E 55 4627
[4] Liu J Y 1998 Ph. D. Dissertation (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China) (in Chinese) [刘金远 1998 博士学位论文 (合肥:中国科学技术大学)]
[5] Low G M 1969 Apollo 11 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) MSC-00171
[6] McDivitt J A 1969 Apollo 12 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) MSC-01855
[7] Shepard Jr A B 1971 Apollo 14 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) MSC-04112
[8] Scott D R 1971 Apollo 15 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) MSC-05161
[9] Morris O G 1972 Apollo 16 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) MSC-7230
[10] Morris O G 1972 Apollo 17 Mission Report (Houston: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center) JSC-07904
[11] Gaier J R 2005 The Effects of Lunar Dust on EVA Systems During the Apollo Missions (Cleveland: NASA Glenn Research Center) NASA/TM-2005-213610/REV1
[12] Zhang S S, Wang S J, Li X Y, Li S J, Tang H, Li Y, Yu W 2013 Earth Sci.: J. China Univ. Geosci. 38 339 (in Chinese) [张森森, 王世杰, 李雄耀, 李世杰, 唐红, 李阳, 于雯 2013 地球科学: 中国地质大学学报 38 339]
[13] Shi X B, Li Y Z, Huang Y, Wang J 2007 Chin. J. Space Sci. 27 66 (in Chinese) [石晓波, 李运泽, 黄勇, 王浚 2007 空间科学学报 27 66]
[14] Sun H, Shen Z G, Zhang X J, Ma S L 2015 Manned Spaceflight 21 642 (in Chinese) [孙浩, 沈志刚, 张晓静, 麻树林 2015 载人航天 21 642]
[15] Tong J Y, Li M, Bai Y, Tian D B 2013 Chin. Space Sci. Technol. 4 78 (in Chinese) [童靖宇, 李蔓, 白羽, 田东波 2013 中国空间科学技术 4 78]
[16] Freeman J W, Ibrahim M 1975 Earth, Moon, and Planets 14 103
[17] Wallis M K, Hassan M H A 1983 Astron. and Astrophys. 121 10
[18] Havnes O, Goertz C K, Morfill G E, Grun E, Ip W 1987 J. Geophys. Res. 92 2281
[19] Sternovsky Z, Horanyi M, Robertson S 2001 J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 19 2533
[20] Colwell J E, Gulbis A A S, Horanyi M, Robertson S 2005 Icarus 175 159
[21] Abbas M M, Tankosic D, Craven P D, LeClair A C, Spann J F 2010 Astrophys. J. 718 795
[22] Liu J Y, Chen L, Wang F, Wang N, Duan P 2010 Acta Phys.Sin. 59 8692 (in Chinese) [刘金远, 陈龙, 王丰, 王楠, 段萍 2010 59 8692]
[23] Delzanno G L, Tang X Z 2015 Phys.Plasmas 22 113703
[24] Shukla P K, Mamun A A 2002 Introduction to Dusty Plasma Physics (Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing) pp36-69
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