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Owing to the fact that the increasing amount of attention has been focused on numerical weather forecast and climate change research, it is desired that the observation error of upper air temperature with using sounding temperature sensors can be reduced down to 0.1 K. However, the temperature measurement errors of bead thermistor sounding temperature sensors, induced by solar radiation, are on the order of 1 K or more, which is a few orders of magnitude larger than the errors produced by the measurement circuits and digital signal processing systems in radiosondes. Hence, the solar radiation error poses an important bottleneck for improving the measurement accuracy. To tackle this problem, a numerical analysis method is proposed in this research. By employing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the influences of various solar radiation intensity, sensor angles, and air pressures from sea level to 20 km altitude on temperature measurement accuracy are studied. In this CFD model, the boundary conditions of external convection and solar radiation of the bead thermistor are taken into consideration. The modeling results indicate that solar radiation intensity and altitude are important factors that affect the amplitude of the radiation error. With the elevation increasing from sea level, the solar heating error appears to have an exponential correlation with the altitude, which exhibits a growing slop rate. When the sensor angle is 90o, the radiation error of a bead thermistor sensor probe is minimal. The simulation results are fitted by a Levenberg-Marquardt method and a global optimization method. A correction equation of the radiation error is obtained, where the altitude of the sensor and solar radiation intensity act as two major variables in the equation. In order to verify the equation obtained in this study, an experimental platform for solar radiation error, which includes a low-pressure temperature chamber, a rotation apparatus, an LED-based radiation source, and a wireless communication system, is designed and constructed. It can be found that the solar radiation errors of the bead thermistor based on fluid dynamics numerical calculation are generally consistent with experimental data. The average offset and root mean square error between the correction equation and experimental results are 0.017 K and 0.023 K, respectively, which can demonstrate the accuracies of the computational fluid dynamics method, the Levenberg-Marquardt method and the global optimization method proposed in this research. The methods and techniques introduced in this paper may open the way for correcting the solar radiation errors of the bead thermistor sounding temperature sensors.
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Keywords:
- sounding temperature sensor /
- bead thermistor /
- computational fluid dynamics /
- radiation error
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[3] Ware H R, Rocken C, Solheim S F, Exner M 1996 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77 19
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[18] Shangguan M J, Xia H Y, Dou X K, Wang C, Qiu J W, Zhang Y P, Shu Z F, Xue X H 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 094212
[19] Zhao R C, Xia H Y, Dou X K, Sun D S, Han Y L, Shangguan M J, Guo Jie, Shu Z F 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 024218
[20] Sheng Z, Fang H X 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 029301
[21] Sherwood S C, Lanzante J R, Meyer C L {2005 Science 9 1556
[22] Randel W J, Wu F 2006 J. Clim. 19 2094
[23] Haimberger L, Tavolato C, Sperka S 2008 J. Clim. 21 4587
[24] Schmidlin F J, Luers J K, Hoffman P D {1986 NASA Tech. 2637 1
[25] Luers J K 1990 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 7 882
[26] Luers J K, Eskridge R E 1995 J. Appl. Meteor. 34 1241
[27] Ruffieux D, Joss J 2003 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 20 1576
[28] Chen F Z, Qiang H F, Gao W R 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 230206 (in Chinese) [陈福振, 强洪夫, 高巍然 2014 63 230206]
[29] Mao X L, Xiao S R, Liu Q Q, Li M, Zhang J H 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 144701 (in Chinese) [冒晓莉, 肖韶荣, 刘清惓, 李敏, 张加宏 2014 63 144701]
[30] Wang X H, Yi S T, Fu J, Lu X G, He L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 054706 (in Chinese) [王小虎, 易仕和, 付佳, 陆小革, 何霖 2015 64 054706]
[31] NOAA, NASA, USAF 1976 U. S. Standard Atmosphere (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing office) pp53-63
[32] Gao Y, Liu H B, Wang L, Gu G C 2013 Chin. Opt. 6 570 (in Chinese) [高雁, 刘洪波, 王丽, 顾国超 2013 中国光学 6 570]
[33] Gao Y, Liu H B, Wang L, Gu G C {2014 Chin. Opt. 7 657 (in Chinese) [高雁, 刘洪波, 王丽, 顾国超 2014 中国光学 7 657]
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[1] Kann A, Seidl H, Wittmann C, Haiden T 2010 Wea. Forecast. 25 290
[2] Frick C, Wernli H 2012 Wea. Forecast. 27 1217
[3] Ware H R, Rocken C, Solheim S F, Exner M 1996 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77 19
[4] Seidel D J, Angell J K, Christy J, Free M, Klein S A, Lanzante J R, Mears C, Parker D, Schabel M, Spencer R, Sterin A, Thorne P, Wentz F 2004 J. Climate 17 2225
[5] Thorne P W, Parker D E, Christy J R, Mears C A 2005 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 86 1437
[6] Free M, Durre I, Aguilar E, Seidel D, Peterson T C, Eskridge R E, Luers J K, Parker D, Gordon M, Lanzante J, Klein S, Christy J, Schroeder S, Soden B, McMillin L M, Weatherhead E 2002 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 83 891
[7] Seidel D J, Free M 2006 J. Climate 19 854
[8] Luers J K {1997 J. Climate 11 1002
[9] Ji X Q {2005 Xinjiang Meteorol. 28 12 (in Chinese) [冀新琪 2005 新疆气象 28 12]
[10] Liu M, Pu M J, Gao P, Shen S Q, Sun Y {2008 Meteorol. Sci. Technol. 36 728 (in Chinese) [刘梅, 濮梅娟, 高萍, 沈树勤, 孙燕 2008 气象科技 36 728]
[11] Toggweiler J R, Joellen R 2008 Nature 451 286
[12] Joan B, Oller J M, Huey R B, Gilchrist G W, Luis S {2007 Science 315 1497
[13] Harris P P, Huntingford C, Cox P M 2008 Philosoph. Trans. Royal Soc. London B: Biol. Sci. 363 1753
[14] Tang H Y, Zhai P M 2005 Chin. J. Geophys. 48 526 (in Chinese) [唐红玉, 翟盘茂 2005 地球 48 526]
[15] Xue D Q, Tan Z M, Gong D L Wang X T 2007 Plateau Meteorol. 26 141 (in Chinese) [薛德强, 谈哲敏, 龚佃利, 王兴堂 2007 高原气象 26 141]
[16] Cheng Y, Li D L, Hu W C, Shen F {2002 Plateau Meteorol. 21 217 (in Chinese) [程瑛, 李栋梁, 胡文超, 沈福 2002 高原气象 21 217]
[17] Wang R Y, Zhou S W, Wu P, Wang X M, Wu Y {2010 Meteorolog. Environm. Sci. 33 31 (in Chinese) [王荣英, 周顺武, 吴萍, 王晓敏, 吴雁 2010 气象与环境科学 33 31]
[18] Shangguan M J, Xia H Y, Dou X K, Wang C, Qiu J W, Zhang Y P, Shu Z F, Xue X H 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 094212
[19] Zhao R C, Xia H Y, Dou X K, Sun D S, Han Y L, Shangguan M J, Guo Jie, Shu Z F 2015 Chin. Phys. B 24 024218
[20] Sheng Z, Fang H X 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 029301
[21] Sherwood S C, Lanzante J R, Meyer C L {2005 Science 9 1556
[22] Randel W J, Wu F 2006 J. Clim. 19 2094
[23] Haimberger L, Tavolato C, Sperka S 2008 J. Clim. 21 4587
[24] Schmidlin F J, Luers J K, Hoffman P D {1986 NASA Tech. 2637 1
[25] Luers J K 1990 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 7 882
[26] Luers J K, Eskridge R E 1995 J. Appl. Meteor. 34 1241
[27] Ruffieux D, Joss J 2003 J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 20 1576
[28] Chen F Z, Qiang H F, Gao W R 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 230206 (in Chinese) [陈福振, 强洪夫, 高巍然 2014 63 230206]
[29] Mao X L, Xiao S R, Liu Q Q, Li M, Zhang J H 2014 Acta Phys. Sin. 63 144701 (in Chinese) [冒晓莉, 肖韶荣, 刘清惓, 李敏, 张加宏 2014 63 144701]
[30] Wang X H, Yi S T, Fu J, Lu X G, He L 2015 Acta Phys. Sin. 64 054706 (in Chinese) [王小虎, 易仕和, 付佳, 陆小革, 何霖 2015 64 054706]
[31] NOAA, NASA, USAF 1976 U. S. Standard Atmosphere (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing office) pp53-63
[32] Gao Y, Liu H B, Wang L, Gu G C 2013 Chin. Opt. 6 570 (in Chinese) [高雁, 刘洪波, 王丽, 顾国超 2013 中国光学 6 570]
[33] Gao Y, Liu H B, Wang L, Gu G C {2014 Chin. Opt. 7 657 (in Chinese) [高雁, 刘洪波, 王丽, 顾国超 2014 中国光学 7 657]
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