Key issues in highly efficient perovskite solar cells

Yang Xu-Dong; Chen Han; Bi En-Bing; Han Li-Yuan

doi:10.7498/aps.64.038404

Abstract

Preparation of Perovskite solar cell, an emerging low-cost photovoltaic technology in rapid development, has provided a ray of hope to solve the energy problem. However, its low reproducibility and stability limit the wide application of this potential technology. In this review, we summarize the recent progress with a focused discussion on some key issues in the development of perovskite solar cells. Starting from the analysis of basic structure and working principles, we first discuss the perovskite-based light harvesting layer and the general strategy to control its spectrum response. We also demonstrate the effect of film morphology on the device performance and the reproducibility which requires very uniform thin films. Then we discuss the major function of electron transporting layer and hole blocking layer, and point out the importance of compact hole blocking layer with less nano-scaled pinholes. For the hole transporting layer, we focus the discussion on the stability problem induced by widely used dopants that can improve the hole conductivity in the hole transporting layer while the dopants' deliquescent behavior also can induce the decomposition of perovskite-based light harvesting layer with a rapid degradation of the whole device. The potential approaches to solve this stability problem, such as using a dopant-free hole transporting material or making device without any hole transporting materials, are also discussed. Finally, we are in prospect of overcoming the main challenges in the future research for high performance perovskite solar cells.

Keywords:

Authors and contacts

1.
State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Funds: Project supported by the Project 211, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Grant No. WS3116205009).

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[48]	Yang X D, Yanagida M, Han L Y 2013 Energy & Environmental Science 6 54
[49]	Snaith H J, Abate A, Ball J M, Eperon G E, Leijtens T, Noel N K, Stranks S D, Wang J T W, Wojciechowski K, Zhang W 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 1511
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[51]	Hao F, Stoumpos C C, Cao D H, Chang R P H, Kanatzidis M G 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 489
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Cited By

[1]	Kojima A, Teshima K, Shirai Y, Miyasaka T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 6050
[2]	Im J H, Lee C R, Lee J W, Park S W, Park N G 2011 Nanoscale 3 4088
[3]	Kim H S, Lee C R, Im J H, Lee K B, Moehl T, Marchioro A, Moon S J, Humphry-Baker R, Yum J H, Moser J E, Grätzel M, Park N G 2012 Scientific Reports 2 7
[4]	Lee M M, Teuscher J, Miyasaka T, Murakami T N, Snaith H J 2012 Science 338 643
[5]	Liu M Z, Johnston M B, Snaith H J 2013 Nature 501 395
[6]	Burschka J, Pellet N, Moon S J, Humphry-Baker R, Gao P, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M 2013 Nature 499 316
[7]	Stranks S D, Eperon G E, Grancini G, Menelaou C, Alcocer M J P, Leijtens T, Herz L M, Petrozza A, Snaith H J 2013 Science 342 341
[8]	Xing G C, Mathews N, Sun S Y, Lim S S, Lam Y M, Grätzel M, Mhaisalkar S, Sum T C 2013 Science 342 344
[9]	Zhou H P, Chen Q, Li G, Luo S, Song T B, Duan H S, Hong Z R, You J B, Liu Y S, Yang Y 2014 Science 345 542
[10]	Mei A Y, Li X, Liu L F, Ku Z L, Liu T F, Rong Y G, Xu M, Hu M, Chen J Z, Yang Y, Grätzel M, Han H W 2014 Science 345 295
[11]	Luo J, Im J H, Mayer M T, Schreier M, Nazeeruddin M K, Park N G, Tilley S D, Fan H J, Graetzel M 2014 Science 345 1593
[12]	Wojciechowski K, Saliba M, Leijtens T, Abate A, Snaith H J 2014 Energy Environ. Sci. 7 1142
[13]	Liu D Y, Kelly T L 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 133
[14]	Pellet N, Gao P, Gregori G, Yang T Y, Nazeeruddin M K, Maier J, Grätzel M 2014 Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. 53 3151
[15]	Amat A, Mosconi E, Ronca E, Quarti C, Umari P, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M, De Angelis F 2014 Nano Lett. 14 3608
[16]	Hanusch F C, Wiesenmayer E, Mankel E, Binek A, Angloher P, Fraunhofer C, Giesbrecht N, Feckl J M, Jaegermann W, Johrendt D, Bein T, Docampo P 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 2791
[17]	Koh T M, Fu K W, Fang Y N, Chen S, Sum T C, Mathews N, Mhaisalkar S G, Boix P P, Baikie T 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 16458
[18]	Baikie T, Fang Y N, Kadro J M, Schreyer M, Wei F X, Mhaisalkar S G, Graetzel M, White T J 2013 J. Mater. Chem. A 1 5628
[19]	Stoumpos C C, Malliakas C D, Kanatzidis M G 2013 Inorg. Chem. 52 9019
[20]	Eperon G E, Stranks S D, Menelaou C, Johnston M B, Herz L M, Snaith H J 2014 Energy Environ. Sci. 7 982
[21]	Lv S L, Pang S P, Zhou Y Y, Padture N P, Hu H, Wang L, Zhou X H, Zhu H M, Zhang L X, Huang C S, Cui G L 2014 Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 19206
[22]	Lee J W, Seol D J, Cho A N, Park N G 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 4991
[23]	Kim H B, Choi H, Jeong J, Kim S, Walker B, Song S, Kim J Y 2014 Nanoscale 6 6679
[24]	Hsu H L, Chen C P, Chang J Y, Yu Y Y, Shen Y K 2014 Nanoscale 6 10281
[25]	Eperon G E, Burlakov V M, Docampo P, Goriely A, Snaith H J 2014 Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 151
[26]	Dualeh A, Tetreault N, Moehl T, Gao P, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M 2014 Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 3250
[27]	Chen Q, Zhou H P, Hong Z R, Luo S, Duan H S, Wang H H, Liu Y S, Li G, Yang Y 2014 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 622
[28]	Jeon N J, Noh J H, Kim Y C, Yang W S, Ryu S, Il Seol S 2014 Nat. Mater. 13 897
[29]	Wu Y Z, Islam A, Yang X D, Qin C J, Liu J, Zhang K, Peng W Q, Han L Y 2014 Energy Environ. Sci. 7 2934
[30]	Conings B, Baeten L, De Dobbelaere C, D'Haen J, Manca J, Boyen H G 2014 Adv. Mater. 26 2041
[31]	Qiu J H, Qiu Y C, Yan K Y, Zhong M, Mu C, Yan H, Yang S H 2013 Nanoscale 5 3245
[32]	Gao X F, Li J Y, Baker J, Hou Y, Guan D S, Chen J H, Yuan C 2014 Chem. Commun. 50 6368
[33]	Bi D Q, Boschloo G, Schwarzmuller S, Yang L, Johansson E M J, Hagfeldt A 2013 Nanoscale 5 11686
[34]	Seo J, Park S, Kim Y C, Jeon N J, Noh J H, Yoon S C, Sang S I 2014 Energy Environ. Sci. 7 2642
[35]	Wu Y, Yang X, Chen H, Zhang K, Qin C, Liu J, Peng W, Islam A, Bi E, Ye F, Yin M, Zhang P, Han L 2014 Applied Physics Express 7 4
[36]	Zheng L L, Chung Y H, Ma Y Z, Zhang L P, Xiao L X, Chen Z J, Wang S F, Qu B, Gong Q H 2014 Chem. Commun. 50 11196
[37]	Zhang F Q, Yang X C, Wang H X, Cheng M, Zhao J H, Sun L C 2014 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 16140
[38]	Li W Z, Li J L, Wang L D, Niu G D, Gao R, Qiu Y 2013 J. Mater. Chem. A 1 11735
[39]	Noh J H, Jeon N J, Choi Y C, Nazeeruddin M K, Graetzel M, Seok S I 2013 J. Mater. Chem. A 1 11842
[40]	Heo J H, Im S H, Noh J H, Mandal T N, Lim C S, Chang J A, Lee Y H, Kim H J, Sarkar A, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M, Seok S I 2013 Nat. Photonics 7 487
[41]	Bi D Q, Boschloo G, Hagfeldt A 2014 Nano 9 7
[42]	Liu J, Wu Y, Qin C, Yang X, Yasuda T, Islam A, Zhang K, Peng W, Chen W, Han L 2014 Energy & Environmental Science 7 2963
[43]	Etgar L, Gao P, Xue Z S, Peng Q, Chandiran A K, Liu B, Nazeeruddin M K, Grätzel M 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 17396
[44]	Aharon S, El Cohen B, Etgar L 2014 J. Phys. Chem. C 118 17160
[45]	Xu Y, Shi J, Lv S, Zhu L, Dong J, Wu H, Xiao Y, Luo Y, Wang S, Li D, Li X, Meng Q 2014 Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces 6 5651
[46]	Abu Laban W, Etgar L 2013 Energy Environ. Sci. 6 3249
[47]	Shi J J, Luo Y H, Wei H Y, Luo J H, Dong J, Lv S T, Xiao J Y, Xu Y Z, Zhu L F, Xu X, Wu H J, Li D M, Meng Q B 2014 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 9711
[48]	Yang X D, Yanagida M, Han L Y 2013 Energy & Environmental Science 6 54
[49]	Snaith H J, Abate A, Ball J M, Eperon G E, Leijtens T, Noel N K, Stranks S D, Wang J T W, Wojciechowski K, Zhang W 2014 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5 1511
[50]	Unger E L, Hoke E T, Bailie C D, Nguyen W H, Bowring A R, Heumueller T, Christoforo M G, McGehee M D 2014 Energy Environ. Sci. 7 3690
[51]	Hao F, Stoumpos C C, Cao D H, Chang R P H, Kanatzidis M G 2014 Nat. Photonics 8 489
[52]	Noel N K, Stranks S D, Abate A, Wehrenfennig C, Guarnera S, Haghighirad A A, Sadhanala A, Eperon G E, Pathak S K, Johnston M B, Petrozza A, Herz L M, Snaith H J 2014 Energy Environ. Sci. 7 3061

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Vol. 64, Issue 3 - 2015-02-05

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